1.1.1. Energy Policy

1.1.2. Estimated Available Energy

1.1.3. Energy Consumption Statistics

The principal sources of policy are Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy (MOERE), which holds a monopoly over the distribution, transmission and generation of electricity and the Supreme Council for Energy (SCE), which reports directly to the President. The Electric Utility and Consumer Protection Agency (EUCPA) is the industry watchdog and is responsible for licensing and sector monitoring. While the Nuclear and Radiological Regulatory Authority (NRRA) is the authority responsible for conducting the regulatory tasks on the nuclear and radiation facilities, activities and practices.

MOERE is the focal point for five different authorities and one holding company affiliated to the Ministry as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Structure of Egyptian Electric Power Sector

Egypt had approximately 58.818 GWe of installed electric capacities during 2021. Figure 2 shows the distribution of installed capacities by source; the distribution is roughly 90.1% from thermal sources and 4.8% from hydropower sources, which are almost fully utilized. Renewable sources represent about 5.1% of the total.

Figure 2: Total Installed Capacity of 58.818 GW(e) in 2021

More than 99% of the Egyptian population has access to electricity; and the number of customers at all voltage levels increased to 37.9 million customers in 2021 compared to 37.1 million customers in the preceding year at a variation rate of 2.2%.

The Egyptian Electricity Holding Company (EEHC) is mainly responsible for system studies and planning for power plants and grid expansion projects. EEHC has 16 companies: six for production, one for transmission, and nine for distribution functions. There is a new electricity law under preparation. According to the new law the drive mechanism of the system will be the Transmission System Operator (TSO). The transmission company will become an independent company, and the EEHC will also be restructured. The role of the electricity regulator will be strengthened, and the market mechanism will move forward.

1.2.3. Main indicators

2.1.1. Overview

The factors which led the country to promote launching a nuclear power programme are as follows:

1. Steadily increasing demand for energy and electricity, caused by population growth, urbanization, industrialization, and the desire and intention to improve the conditions and the standard of living of the people;

2. Inadequate and insufficient proved national primary energy resources, the increasing demand for energy and electricity on a medium and long term basis; as well as limited potable water resources, which will require the utilization of energy desalination technology particularly in remote areas;

3. Perception of nuclear power as a convenient, economically competitive and viable source of energy which, if introduced in the country, would not only complement the traditional energy sources, but would also promote technological development and serve as an incentive for social and economic progress;

4. Nuclear power is the best solution to decrease the amount of greenhouse gas emitted.

These reasons have not only retained their validity, but have been reinforced by the developments, which have been taking place.

In compliance with its mission and with the functions assigned by the Government of Egypt, the Nuclear Power Plants Authority (NPPA) has performed a pre-feasibility study for the first Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) to be implemented for the cogeneration of electricity and desalinated water. This study was carried out with technical support from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) during the period 1999-2001 and updated in 2007.

The Egyptian nuclear programme started in 1955 and developed through the following:

Table 5: NUCLEAR POWER UNITS UNDER CONSTRUCTION

Reactor Unit	Type	Net Capacity [MW(e)]	Status	Operator	Reactor Supplier	Construction date	First Criticality Date	First Grid Date	Commercial Date	Shutdown Date	UCF for 2021
ELDABAA-1	PWR	1194	Under Construction	NPPA	JSC ASE	2022-07-20					0

2.1.2. Current organizational chart

Figure 3: Nuclear organizations in Egypt

2.2.1. Status and performance of nuclear power plants

Not applicable.

2.2.2. Plant upgrading, plant life management and license renewals

Not applicable.

2.3.1. Nuclear power development strategy

The main decisions that have already been made to construct the first nuclear power plant for electricity generation at El- Dabaa are:

1. The President announced the strategic decision to start a programme to construct a number of nuclear power plants for electricity generation;

2. Restructuring the Supreme Council for Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy;

3. Contracting with a consultant for the first Egyptian nuclear power plant;

4. The Egyptian nuclear and radiation law has been promulgated;

5. Issuing the executive legislation of the Nuclear and Radiation Law;

6. Establishment of the Egyptian Nuclear and Radiological Regulatory Authority (NRRA);

7. Signing of an inter-governmental agreement between Egypt and the Russian Federation to cooperate in the building and operating the first nuclear power plant in Egypt with Russian technology;

8. Starting the negotiations with the Russian Federation to build, operate, supply with fuel, and store spent fuel for a nuclear power plant consisting of four units with WWER type reactors, 1200 MW each;

9. Signing the EPC contract with the Russian EPC contractor which entered into force on 11 December 2017. The NFS contract, OSM contract and SNFT contract all include detailed technical specifications and requirements and these contracts entered into force on 11 December 2017;

10. The El-Dabaa NPP Project envisages construction of four units with pressurized water reactors of 1200 MWe power each using the Russian VVER-1200 (AES-2006) design at the El-Dabaa site. The design selected for El-Dabaa NPP belongs to the group of pressurized water reactors (PWR), which are the most common reactor type worldwide;

11. On 10 March 2019, Site Approval Permit (SAP) for El Dabaa site was issued by the Egyptian Nuclear Regulation and Radiological Authority (ENRRA);

12. In July 2021, manufacturing of the long lead equipment requiring long production time (the Core Catcher ) has been started.

13. On 28 February 2022, NPPA obtained the site permit for the spent nuclear fuel storage facility by ENRRA Board of Directors;

14. On 27 April 2022, the beginning of manufacturing the nuclear reactor vessel, one of the long-lead equipment for El-Dabaa nuclear power plant project.

15. On 29 June 2022, the Egyptian Nuclear and Radiological Regulatory Authority (ENRRA) issued a permit for the construction of the El-Dabaa NPP Unit 1.

16. On 20 July 2022, the ceremony marking the pouring of first concrete for Unit 1 of the El-Dabaa NPP, signalling the formal start of construction.

Station/Project Name	Type	Capacity (Mwe)	Construction Start Year	Expected Commercial Year
El- Dabaa NPP (Unit 1)	VVER	1200	2022	2028

Table 7: PLANNED NUCLEAR POWER UNITS

Station/Project Name	Type	Capacity (Mwe)	Expected Construction Start Year	Expected Commercial Year
El- Dabaa NPP (Unit 2)	VVER	1200	2022	2028
El- Dabaa NPP (Unit 3)	VVER	1200	2023	2029
El- Dabaa NPP (Unit 4)	VVER	1200	2023	2030

2.3.2. Project management

Nuclear Power Plants Authority (NPPA) is the sole utility in Egypt responsible for project management of the construction and operation of nuclear power plants for electricity generation and seawater desalination.

Nuclear Material Authority (NMA) is responsible for exploring the potential of the nuclear ore.

Egyptian Nuclear and Radiological Regulatory Authority (ENRRA) is responsible for the regulation and control of safety, security, nuclear safeguards and emergency of all the nuclear and radiological facilities and activities.

2.3.3. Project funding

The financing of El-Dabaa NPP project depends on a strong support from public and government. The policy in support of nuclear power has been created through:

1. Activating the role of the Supreme Council for the Peaceful Purposes of Nuclear Energy;

2. Developing and implementing all the necessary financial plans (including waste and decommissioning).

The Russian Federation will fund approximately 85% of the construction cost of the El Dabaa nuclear power project. It will provide a $25bn loan, under a financing agreement signed between the Ministry of Finance of Egypt and the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation. The loan is repayable over a period of 22 years at an interest rate of 3% a year.

The remaining 15% will be raised by Egypt.

2.3.4. Electric grid development

In the 1980s, NPPA in cooperation with the EEHC carried out a technical study by Swedpower to investigate the interconnection of the first NPP with the Egyptian grid. The grid capacity was less than 15 GW(e) and the new nuclear unit is likely to be the largest unit on the system 1 GW(e).

The outcome of the study indicated that with the planned expansion over a period of 15 years the grid can accommodate four nuclear units of 1GW each at the El Dabaa site without serious implications.

Currently the installed capacity is about 55.818 GW(e) (2021) of installed electricity generating capacity, and the growth in demand for electricity in recent years has been 6% to 8% per year. Egypt adopted an Integrated Sustainable Energy Strategy to 2035, which aims to reach the percentage of nuclear energy contribution to reaching a total installed capacity of 4800 MW(e) in 2035. There is no interconnection problems are expected and a detailed study of the interconnection is in progress.

2.3.5. Sites

The site studies and investigations were performed based on local requirements and international practices. The studies then concluded with the selection of the El-Dabaa site.

The El Dabaa site is a coastal site on the Mediterranean Sea (west of Alexandria) which is characterized by low seismic activity.

NPPA performed meteorological, groundwater and marine analyses at the El-Dabaa site in order to provide data for the site evaluation.

In 2009, site evaluation requirements for nuclear installation were issued by ENRRA.

In February 2010, a Site Evaluation Report (SER) was presented by NPPA to ENRRA and in September 2010, ENNRA issued a report stating that there were no exclusionary elements preventing the construction of the NPP at El-Dabaa.

In 2016, ENRRA updated the Site Evaluation Requirements for Nuclear Installation; in 2017 the updated SER and Environmental Impact Assessment Report (EIAR) were presented by NPPA to ENRRA. The SER update included revisions following the review of the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, revisions to the population distribution and activities around the site, consideration of flooding and consideration of aircraft crashes, as well as data from seismic activity monitoring and oceanographic systems were included.

Nuclear Power Plants Authority (NPPA) completed the required site permit application and submitted it to ENRRA.

ENRRA issued a Site Approval Permit in March 2019 after the completion of the Site and External Events Design Revision Service (SEED) Mission of the IAEA.

2.4. Organizations involved in construction of NPPs

NPPA is the owner/operator and the sole utility in Egypt responsible for the construction and operation of NPPs for electricity generation and seawater desalination. The NPPA works closely with ENRRA and other government ministries and agencies namely Ministry of Finance ( MOF ), MOERE and the National Electric Power Company (the electricity off-taker) to fulfil its mandate.

The Egyptian strategy intends to maximize the effects of the nuclear power plants programme in modernizing Egyptian industries and upgrading several stakeholders through planned increase in local participation in every new plant.

2.5. Organizations involved in operation of NPPs

NPPA will cooperate with the vendor to establish all operation requirements involving the operation and maintenance staff.

2.6. Organizations involved in decommissioning of NPPs

According to Egyptian regulations and requirements, NPPA is responsible for developing the decommissioning strategy to obtain the NPP license.

2.7. Fuel cycle including waste management

In October 2017, the Supreme Council approved the Strategy for Securing Long-term Supply Plans for Nuclear Fuel.

Egypt signed a Nuclear Fuel Supply (NFS) contract with a Russian supplier for the lifetime operation of all El-Dabaa NPP units. The contract ensures the security of fuel supply and includes conditions under which NPPA can purchase fuel from other suppliers.

The supplier will provide its services to NPPA under the NFS contract including nuclear fuel design and in-core fuel management services, as well as ongoing technical assistance and scientific support for various activities related to fuel supply, handling and in-core management, as needed.

Training included in the NFS contract covers areas of in-core management and nuclear design, start-up physics testing, incoming inspection and fuel handling and evaluation of fuel operational data.

Egypt has taken the decision to adopt an open fuel cycle.

Necessary agreements to provide enrichment services will be investigated along with the contracting schemes of the nuclear power plant.

For radioactive waste, on-site storage will be the method adopted, covering the operating life of the plant.

Final disposal (presumably in deep geological formations) will follow international trends and experience.

On 28 February 2022, NPPA obtained the site permit for the spent nuclear fuel storage facility by ENRRA.

2.8. Research and development

2.8.1. R&D organizations

The main research and development organization in Egypt is the Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), which comprises three research centres as indicated in Appendix 2.

Its mandate is to achieve the maximum utilization of the peaceful uses of the atomic energy for the welfare of the Egyptian people from the outset. This covers the fields of health, agriculture, food, industry, environment, and water resources.

Major Research and Development facilities at the EAEA include:

1. Two research reactors;

2. Fuel manufacturing plant devoted for the manufacture of fuel for the second research reactor;

3. The radioisotope production facility;

4. Two cobalt's radiation facilities;

5. Two accelerators;

6. Liquid radwaste treatment facility.

2.8.2. Development of advanced nuclear technologies

Not applicable

2.8.3. International Co-operation and Initiatives

In 2011 Egypt joined the International Project on Innovative Nuclear Reactors and Fuel Cycles (INPRO) and is participating in the International Nuclear Fuel Cycle Association (INFCA) as an observer.

Under the framework of technical cooperation programmes Egypt and IAEA elaborated an integrated work plan (IWP) for the implementation of technical cooperation projects, identifying experts, tasks, and workshops required by the implementation of the project. The plan included the following areas: project management feasibility study; siting; human resources development; and nuclear security and safety. The active Technical Co-operation Projects are:

Project No	Project Title
EGY0019	Supporting Design and Implementation of High Sensitivity Radiation Monitoring Equipment
EGY0020	Establishing a National Training Center and Developing Information and Communication Technology Materials to Build Technical Skills in the Field of Nuclear Science and Technology
EGY1025	Implementing a Quality Assurance and Quality Control System for the National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT) to Assure a Higher Degree of Customer Satisfaction
EGY1026	Strengthening the Applications Associated with the Second Research Reactor
EGY2011	Separation and Estimation of Valuable Rare Metal during Uranium Ore Processing in the Eastern Desert
EGY2012	Developing Human Resource Capacities for the Nuclear Power Plant Project during Contracting and Early Construction Stage
EGY2013	Supporting Technological Separation and Purification of Naturally Occurring Radionuclides and Rare Earth Elements from Minerals
EGY2014	Building Capacity for the Nuclear Power Plant Project Construction Stage
EGY2015	Developing Project Management for a Nuclear Power Programme During the Construction and Commissioning Phases
EGY2016	Supporting a Feasibility Study for Uranium and Rare-Earth Element Recovery from Unconventional Resources
EGY4052	Modernization and Improvement of the MGC-20 Cyclotron
EGY5026	Establishing a National Reference Laboratory Applying Nuclear/Isotopic and Related Techniques in the Analysis of Food Contaminants
EGY6009	Upgrading the National Facility for Radiopharmaceutical Production to Meet with International Quality Standards
EGY6010	Introducing Positron Emission Tomography Magnetic Resonance Fusion Imaging
EGY6011	Contributing to the Establishment of a Well Equipped National Laboratory for the Quality Control of Radiopharmaceuticals to Enhance the Regulatory Functions of the Ministry of Health
EGY7004	Assessing the Recharge Ability of Groundwater Resources in the Highly Mountainous Area in South Sinai under the Prevailing Climate for Sustainable Development in the Utilisation of Groundwater Resources
EGY9039	Establishing a National Decontamination Operational Unit for Hot Laboratories and a Waste Management Centre
EGY9041	Upgrading and Improving Emergency Response Capabilities of the Atomic Energy Authority
EGY9042	Strengthening the Regulatory Inspection of Nuclear and Radiological Installations
EGY9043	Strengthening Capacities for Radiological Impact Assessment of Nuclear Facilities Using Modelling and Data
EGY9044	Establishing and Upgrading Radiation Protection and Safety Measures for the Egyptian Incinerator for Low Level Radioactive Waste
EGY9045	Developing a Quality Assurance and Quality Control Programme for the Radioactive Waste Management Facility
EGY9046	Supporting and Strengthening the National Regulatory Body for Reviews, Assessments and Inspection for the Construction of a Nuclear Power Plant
EGY9047	Providing Regulatory Control Assistance to the Nuclear and Radiological Regulatory Authority during the Construction Phase.
EGY2017	Building Capacity for the Construction and pre-commissioning of the nuclear power plant project

Egypt has a long experience in the application of nuclear technologies and this expertise provides a good basis for the development of the workforce needed for the nuclear power programme.

NPPA conducted an integrated human resources development (HRD) study in 2011 to determine the skills and knowledge required for the implementation of the El-Dabaa NPP. NPPA revised its HRD plan in 2017 to address the specific staffing needs following the selection of the NPP technology. NPPA has a detailed organizational structure and staffing plan for the El-Dabaa NPP that includes the qualifications and experience required for each position. Depending on that organizational structure, NPPA started the recruitment process for the El-Dabaa NPP project.

ENRRA has performed a self-assessment (SARCON) of the competencies needed to support the nuclear power programme. It has also developed initial job profiles that were reviewed by its TSOs. Once finalized, these profiles will form the basis for the initial staffing plan for the organization for Phase 3 and beyond.

NPPA and its consultant have developed a training programme that consists of several elements, such as, soft skills, Russian and English language, and project management. Specialized courses are also provided in the areas of mechanical, electrical, instrumentation and control (I&C), human resources (HR), and contract management and negotiations. Also, EPC contract provides on the- job training in the areas of design, construction, commissioning, operations and maintenance.

As part of the EPC contract, comprehensive training systems including a training centre with a full scope simulator will be provided by the vendor. The instructors for this centre are anticipated to be nationals.

ENRRA has prepared job profiles for the primary leadership positions in its new organizational structure and initiated a recruitment process for the heads of several departments within the organization (Finance, HR, Legal, Security, Public Relations and International Cooperation) in May 2019.

ENRRA is also developing its training programme. ENRRA 's current training administration will become a separate unit, the Centre of Excellence (COE), which will be responsible for overseeing and delivering training for the entire organization. The COE will report directly to the Vice Chairman of ENRRA and will also be responsible for conducting competency reviews of the staff and evaluating the effectiveness of the training programmes.

ENRRA has developed a Basic Professional Training Programme, which is delivered to all staff of the organization; additional training programmes in the areas of review, assessment and inspection have been carried out through international cooperation.

ENRRA established a Centre of Excellence to ensure a high-quality capacity building programme. In cooperation with the Human Resources Department and TSO, the Centre of Excellence is developing -and implementing a capacity-building program to assist in achieving the strategic objectives of ENRRA. The Centre of Excellence is maintaining a training providers pool consisting of training provided by IAEA, TSOs, national and international experts, and countries with bilateral agreements with Egypt.

In NPPA, an Education and Training Committee was established to integrate the HRD plans of the key organizations.

In 2010, NPPA, together with its consultant, prepared a generic and comprehensive National Human Resources Strategy. This strategy was recently updated by NPPA and is currently under final review by the Education and Training Committee.

Egypt established the El-Dabaa Nuclear Energy Vocational School in 2017. The school is located near the site of the El-Dabaa NPP and is a five-year technical school for post-secondary school students. The first batch of students from El Dabaa Nuclear School has been graduated successfully in 2022.

The first groups of specialists from Egypt 's El-Dabaa NPP began training at the Rosatom 's Technical Academy. The training programme is being carried out in the framework of contracts pertaining to the construction of Egypt 's first nuclear power plant.

Communications/public relations specialists need to be a part of the project team. The stakeholders to be addressed are:

1. Organizations that should participate in development of the strategy and communication plans, and organizations involved in the implementation of these plans;

2. Affecting and affected stakeholders that should be the target audiences for the communications.

NPPA takes a leading role in the implementation of the NPP project. The main near term actions regarding stakeholder involvement are:

• Finalizing strategic goals and the attached action plans with clearly defined role responsibility for each stakeholder;

• Implementing a human resources development programme;

• Implementing the plans of communication with each of the target audiences;

• Establishing a web site on the internet;

• Conducting an information campaign to raise awareness of the nuclear programme in order to explain its objectives and plans and to respond to the allegations made by groups opposing the use of nuclear energy.

ENRRA also has its own strategy and communication plans; however, it should coordinate its efforts with those of others.

ENRRA has a strategic goal to continuously improve the engagement of interested parties and public awareness. It has organized workshops to raise awareness about nuclear power and the role of ENRRA for the public and media and maintains its website.

ENRRA has established a Communication Plan to ensure an effective and efficient strategy for partners and stakeholders engagement. Through its Communication Plan, ENRRA seeks to provide information in an open and transparent way about safety and the regulatory measures used to ensure safety to foster better public understanding of, trust in, and confidence in its ENRRA regulatory mandate.

The plan was designed to include various targeted audiences (e.g. the public, nuclear and radiological licensees, academia, Government of Egypt (GoE; ministries, and governorates), as well as tailored communications channels (e.g. ENRA website; signatures of various national memorandums of understanding; various developed promotional and introductory materials, such as posters and brochures). ENRRA issues quarterly and annually reports on the national radiological status to the public and publishes them on its website as well as in the Official Gazette, newspapers, and media.

NPPA has developed a Stakeholder Management Plan that it is currently implementing and updating on a quarterly basis. The plan includes the identification and analysis of the stakeholders related to the El-Dabaa project and provides guidance on the management of these groups.

NPPA has conducted a number of stakeholder involvement and public communication activities and maintains a website that provides the vision and mission of the organization, updates regarding the El-Dabaa NPP, and educational information about nuclear power. The website is also used to issue press releases and other official statements. NPPA has also developed printed outreach materials, including information to educate students, about how nuclear energy can be used to produce electricity. This information is also provided to the general public. The Chairman of NPPA currently serves as the spokesperson for nuclear power in Egypt. The locations for public information centers in Cairo and El-Dabaa have been selected, and NPPA is working with a consultant to finalize the scope and design for both centres.

The Coordination Committee serves as the forum for communication among the various national stakeholders. Additional national coordination occurs through the Education and Training Committee, the Localisation Committee and the International Instruments Committee. These committees provide continuing opportunities for stakeholders from national organizations to discuss their on-going activities, share plans and clarify any questions regarding roles and responsibilities.

In February 2017, a public hearing session was held and attended by more than 1200 individuals. The hearing was part of the EIA process and provided stakeholders with an opportunity to express their concerns and interests related to the project.

A- ENRRA Infrastructure Requirements for Emergency Preparedness

The following represents the EPR Regulatory Framework:

1. The Nuclear Law and its Executive Regulations containing provisions with respect to emergency response requirements relating to nuclear and radiological facilities, activities and practices and clear identification of roles and responsibilities of ENRRA and Supreme Committee for nuclear and radiological (N&R) emergencies related to EPR;

2. Prime Minister Decree concerning the establishing of Supreme Committee for N&R emergencies;

3. ENRRA Board Decrees as follows:

1. The nomination of national coordinator;

2. The issuance of regulatory requirements for emergency plan;

3. The issuance of national standards for protecting public and emergency workers in case of nuclear and radiological emergencies.

4. Guides concerning enhancing the national capabilities were issued. Examples are as follows:

1. Guide for the content of local emergency plan;

2. Guide for the content of evacuation plan in case of N&R emergency;

3. Guide for the specification of new building of El-Dabba hospital to be local hospital for receiving radiation injuries.

B- National System and Coordination Mechanism

1. The Supreme Committee for N&R emergencies related to EPR has the main responsibility for the management of N&R emergencies;

2. The coordination mechanism at national level is executed by ENRRA;

3. The Central Chamber for Nuclear & Radiological Emergencies (CCNRE) provides_24/7 coverage for nuclear and radiological emergencies and is responsible for ENRRA coordination role.

4. There are various national (memorandum of understandings) MoUs signed between ENRRA and its national counterparts such as the following:

1. MoU between EAEA and ENRRA describing the role of EAEA as the competent authority in responding to a N&R emergency at the national level and defining respective roles for ENRRA for training etc.

2. MoU between General Meteorological Authority (GMA) and ENRRA, describing the role of GMA as the competent authority for atmospheric dispersion models and other modeling at the national level and defining respective role for ENRRA for training etc.

5. EPR Trainings and Workshops: As part of its capacity building activities; there are several organized workshops and trainings for national organizations and first responders related to EPR and they have been conducted periodically by ENRRA from 2014 to the present.

C- EPR Strategies & Plans

1. The national strategy for Nuclear and Radiological Emergency Preparedness and Response was issued in 2016 and is based on IAEA categorization of hazards.

2. National Emergency Plan for Preparedness of and Response to N&R Emergencies was issued in 2020 and includes hazard assessments, protection procedures and roles and responsibilities of all relevant organizations as well as other functional and infrastructure and requirements described in IAEA GSR Part 7.

3. The following plans were also issued:

1. 2016: Plan of Preparedness and Response to Nuclear and Radiological Emergencies Associated with Transport Accidents;

2. 2016: Medical Preparedness and Iodine Tablets Distribution Plan in Nuclear and Radiological Emergencies;

3. 2016: Public Communication Plan in Case of Nuclear and Radiological Emergencies;

4. 2020: National Plan for Evacuation and Accommodation during Nuclear and Radiological Emergencies;

5. 2020: Preparedness and Response Plan for Nuclear Security Events.

D- EPR International Cooperation

1. Egypt is a member of the Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident and the Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency and is registered its national capabilities at Response & Assistance Network (RANET).

2. The CCNRE is also defined as a contact point between Egypt and IAEA. The Supervisor of CCNRE is nominated as the national officer in International Nuclear Event-Scale-(INES).

3.1.1 Regulatory Authority

3.1.2 Licensing Process

Laws

Currently, the main national laws and governmental decisions governing the activities in the field of peaceful use of atomic energy in Egypt include the following:

1. Law No. 131 of 1948, the Egyptian Civil Code;

2. Law No. 38 of 1967, regulating all the activities of collection, transportation, handling, management and safe disposal of solid waste originating from households, public place, commercial and industrial facilities;

3. Law No. 124 of 1983, regulating fishing and aquatic life and the regulation of fish farms in the main body of legislation on fisheries;

4. Law No. 4 of 1994, protection of the environment from the adverse or hazardous materials and hazardous waste including substances that emit ionizing radiation;

5. Law No. 12 of 2003, (Labor code) Book V on Occupational Safety and Health;

6. Law No. 119 of 2008, Unified Law on Building in Egypt;

7. Law No.7 of 2010, regulating Nuclear and Radiological Activities (RNRA) and its amendment;

8. Law No. 87 of 2015, Egyptian Electricity Law.

Governmental Decisions

1. Prime Minister Decree No. 338 of 1995, promulgating the executive regulations of the Environmental Law No. 4, 1994 regulating the management of hazardous wastes;

2. Ministerial Decree No 126 of 2003, notification of accidents and diseases at the workplace;

3. Ministerial Decree No. 134 of 2003, OSH committees;

4. Ministerial Decree No 211 of 2003, safety levels, precautions and terms to prevent detrimental physical, chemical, biological and mechanical hazards and securing the work environment;

5. Ministerial decree No.359 of 2007, the Egyptian Code for steel construction (load and resistance factor design);

6. Prime Minister Decree No. 1326 for 2011, regarding the issuance of the Executive Regulations implementing the Law on Regulating Nuclear and Radiological Activities;

7. Ministerial Resolution No. 537 for 2012; Egyptian code for design principles of design and implementation requirements of the water and dump proofing system works in buildings;

8. Ministerial Decree No. 160 of 2013, Egyptian code for ventilation in building;

9. Ministerial decree No.578 of 2013, the Egyptian code for the basics of design and conditions for the implementation of acoustics and noise control in buildings;

10. Ministerial Decree No.532 of 2013, the Egyptian Code for design Bases and Implementation Conditions of Sanitary Fittings Engineering in Buildings;

11. Prime Minister Decree No. 1767 for 2014, specifying the licenses and permit fees issued by ENRRA pursuant to Nuclear Law No.7 for 2010;

12. Ministerial Resolution No.152 for 2015, the Egyptian code of fire.

Codes

1. ECP 208 of 2005, Egyptian code for practice for the use of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) in the construction fields code design and construction of concrete structure;

2. ECP 306 of 2005, Egyptian code for improving energy efficiency in building, part II commercial building;

3. ECP 203 of 2007, Egyptian code for design and construction of concrete structure;

4. ECP 205 of 2001, Egyptian code for steel construction and bridges (allowable stress design);

5. ECP 207 of 2015, the Egyptian code for planning, design and construction of bridges and elevated intersections;

6. SPEC905 for 2016, Egyptian specification for blast resistance buildings.

Nuclear regulations (standards, rules, safety guides)

ENRRA is empowered by Law No.7 of 2010 to develop mandatory regulations in order to detail the general legal requirements, as well as any other regulations necessary to support the licensing and control of nuclear activities. ENRRA has issued regulations in the following areas:

Nuclear Safety

1. Site evaluation requirements for nuclear installations;

2. Management system requirements for regulated facilities and activities;

3. Regulation for the permissible radiation levels in case of import, produce or export of nutrition materials or any other materials for human and non-human use.

Civil Liability

1. Resolution for the financial insurance for licensing the construction or operation of nuclear installation;

2. Resolution for the financial insurance for licensing the construction or operation of a nuclear power plant.

Nuclear Security

1. Nuclear security rules on nuclear materials and radioactive sources categorization;

2. Security of radioactive materials during transport;

3. Security of radioactive sources during handling.

Safeguards

1. Procedures and rules regulating the activities related to nuclear safeguards;

2. Nuclear and radiological emergencies;

3. Rules and regulations on nuclear and radiological emergency management.

All regulations and regulatory guides needed for a nuclear power plant during its whole life time are identified and in the process of issuance according to the stages (siting, design, construction, commissioning, operation, and decommissioning). Upon ENRRA Board's approval, some of the issued regulations are made available on ENRRA website.