As in other democratic countries, the Republic of Indonesia applies the Trias Politica that recognizes the separation of the legislative, executive and judicial bodies. The legislative authority is under the People’s Consultative Assembly (MPR) that consists of two bodies namely the Parliament composed of members of political parties (DPR), and the Regional Representative Council (DPD) composed of representatives from each province in Indonesia.

The executive institution is centralized under the president, vice president, and the cabinet of ministers. The cabinet is a presidential cabinet in which the ministers report to the president and do not represent the political parties. Presidential election is also held every five years. Since 2004, the president of the Republic of Indonesia is elected through direct election by the people.

Since the reform era and upon the amendment of the 1945 Constitution, the judicial institution is administered by the Supreme Court including the administration of the judges.

Indonesia is located between 6 degrees northern latitude and 11 degrees southern latitude and between 97 degrees to 141 degrees eastern longitude, stretching along 3,977 miles between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The total area is 1.9 million square miles (4.92 million km²), with water covering about two-third of the total area. It is located between two continents – Asia and Australia/Oceania. This strategic position greatly influences the country’s culture, social, politics and economy.

Indonesia is one of the largest archipelagos in the world with 17,508 islands. The five large islands of Indonesia are: Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua. These islands were formed in the range from Tertiary to Quaternary age. The Australian and Pacific tectonic plate have a great effect on the change of the islands. The Australian plate changes slowly with an upward movement into the small plates of the Pacific plate that moves southward. Between these lines, the islands of Indonesia are stretched out. This makes Indonesia one of the most rapidly changing geological areas in the world.

There are 400 volcanic mountains in Indonesia – of which 100 of them are active. Java alone is home to 112 volcanoes, 15 of which are still active. Most of the islands are hot and humid throughout the year. Temperatures range from 27.6° to 36.8° C during the day and from 14.6° to 24.6° C during the night. Humidity ranges from 63% to 83%. Rain falls primarily from December to March, when the winter monsoon dominates. Only western Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands have a dry season, from June to September.

TABLE 1 POPULATION INFORMATION

								Average annual growth rate (%)
Year	2000	2005	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2000 to 2014
Population (millions)	205.84	218.87	237.64	241.13	244.52	248.80	253,61	1.47
Population density (inhabitants/km2)	106.26	112.98	122.67	124.48	126.23	128.43	130.92	1.47
Urban Population as % of total	42.00	45.94	49.92	50.71	51.49	52.25	53.00	1.71
Area (1000 km2)	4,920

Source: Statistics Indonesia and World Bank

In 2014, there were more than 253 million people living in Indonesia. The population grew at an average of 1.47% between 2000 and 2014. It is projected that the total population of Indonesia will increase, from 237.64 million in 2010 to 284.83 million in 2025 or with growth rate at 1.21% per year.

Every year there is an increasing number in urban population. Based on the data shown in Table 1, in 2014 about 53.00% of Indonesia population were living in a city and the urbanization level is projected to reach 60% in year 2025.

In 2010, the National Population Census shows that Java and Madura Islands, which accounts for 7% of the total area, is resided by around 57.5% of the population (136 millions), while Maluku and Papua which account for 25% of the total area, are inhabited by 3% of the total population.

TABLE 2 GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)

								Average annual growth rate (%)
	2000	2005	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2000 to 2014
GDP (millions of current US$)	144,843.14	285,861.01	709,458.78	853,193.24	879,601.31	869,512.63	926,140.27	14.60
GDP (millions of constant 2000 US$)	144,843.14	182,471.62	241,215.09	256,870.92	272,864.95	288,593.33	303,197.66	5.43
GDP per capita (PPP* US$/capita)	4,400.62	5,796.11	7,864.42	8,437.73	9,014.34	9,561.13	-	6.16**
GDP per capita (current US$/capita)	703.66	1,306.08	2,985.42	3,538.25	3,597.21	3,494.83	3,673.57	12.96

* PPP: Purchasing Power Parity

** Average annual growth rate up to 2013

Source: Statistics Indonesia and World Bank

From Table 2, it is shown that Indonesia had an average real gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate of 5.43% between 2000 and 2014. During the 2000-2014 periods, GDP of Indonesia had increased from US$144.84 billion to US$ 303.19 billion (CY 2000 Price).

Under the new government, lead by President Joko Widodo, one of the priorities is to achieve economic independence by moving the strategic sectors to domestic economy. The Government’s target for the economic performance is an annual growth of 7%.

TABLE 3 ESTIMATED AVAILABLE ENERGY SOURCES

Specific Unit	Estimated Available Energy Sources
	Fossil Fuels			Nuclear		Renewables
	Solid	Liquid	Gas	Uranium	Thorium (Hypothetical)	Hydro	Geothermal	Solar	Biomass
	Million tons	Billion Barrel	TSCF	Metric tons	Metric tons	GW	GW	GW	GW
Total Amount in specific unit	151,882.57	7.55	150.39	59,200	1,500	75.77	28.91	22.5	45.54
Total Amount in Exajoule (EJ)	4,451.31	46.19	158.67	1,735.01	43.96	2.39	0.91	0.71	1.43

Source: - Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics of Indonesia 2014, Ministry of Energy & Mineral Resources;

- National Nuclear Energy Agency (Batan).

TABLE 4 ENERGY STATISTICS

											Average Annual Growth Rate (%)
Year	2000	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2000 to 2013
Final Energy Consumption
* Total	4.27	4.68	4.75	4.93	4.85	5.25	5.72	5.97	6.36	6.42
- Solid	0.21	0.38	0.52	0.71	0.55	0.48	0.80	0.84	0.91	1.04	16.51
- Liquids	1.97	2.21	2.12	2.14	2.07	2.43	2.64	2.76	3.06	2.97	3.44
- Gases	0.51	0.50	0.48	0.47	0.60	0.69	0.67	0.71	0.733	0.736	3.24
- Nuclear	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
- Hydro	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Other Renewables
- Geothermal	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
- Biomass	1.57	1.58	1.62	1.61	1.63	1.64	1.60	1.66	1.64	1.67	0.45
Energy Production
* Total	8.85	11.40	12.54	13.05	13.93	14.59	15.52	17.64	18.62	20.16
- Solid	2.26	4.47	5.68	6.35	7.04	7.50	8.06	10.35	11.31	13.16	14.71
- Liquids	2.07	1.98	1.97	1.95	2.03	2.02	1.88	2.00	2.06	1.89	-0.60
- Gases	3.06	3.15	3.11	2.96	3.04	3.23	3.59	3.43	3.35	3.13	0.32
- Nuclear	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
- Hydro	0.14	0.2	0.14	0.16	0.17	0.16	0.25	0.18	0.18	0.24	6.85
-Other Renewables
Geothermal	0.04	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.06	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.07	7.98
Biomass	1.28	1.54	1.58	1.57	1.59	1.6	1.65	1.6	1.64	1.67	3.18
Net Import (Import - Export)
* Total	-3.61	-3.34	-4.38	-4.8	-4.66	-5.59	-5.9	-7.35	-7.87	-8.22	7.08

Source: Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics of Indonesia 2014, Ministry of Energy & Mineral Resources.

In October 2014, the government of Indonesia enacted the Government Regulation No. 79 of 2014 about the National Energy Policy (NEP). NEP is a comprehensive policy which covers both the supply and the demand side. It serves as the main guideline in the national energy management to achieve the security of domestic energy supply.

NEP 2014 would reduce gasoline dependency and increase the use of renewable energy. Figure 1 shows that NEP sets a clear target of the share of each type of primary energy from the year 2025 up to the year 2050, as follows:

• The share/role of new and renewable energy is at least: 23% in 2025 and at least 31% in 2050 as long as their economics comply;

• The share/role of oil is less than 25% in 2025 and less than 20% in 2050;

• The share/role of coal is minimum 30% in 2025 and minimum 25% in 2050;

• The share/role of gas is minimum 22% in 2015 and minimum 24% in 2050.

FIGURE 1 ENERGY MIX TARGET

In NEP 2014, nuclear is included in the new energy group, i.e. energy that comes from new technology.

Because utilization of nuclear energy requires high safety and security standards and also considering the impact of nuclear radiation hazards to the environment, nuclear energy utilization is regarded as the last option. However, in the case of in-depth studies which have been conducted regarding the technological development of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, fulfilling the needs of the growing energy demand by supplying national energy in a large scale, reducing carbon emissions and the urgent national interest, nuclear energy can then be utilized.

The Indonesian power sector is ruled and regulated by the following law and government regulations:

• Law No. 15 /1985 regarding electricity;

• Government Regulation No. 3/2005 regarding amendment of the Government Regulation No. 10/1985 regarding electricity;

• Ministerial Decree of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR) No. 9/2005;

• Ministerial Decree of MEMR No.10/2005.

The Directorate General of Electricity (DGE) under the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources is primarily responsible for formulating electricity policies and regulations. One responsibility of DGE is to prepare general national electricity planning to meet electricity power demand in a reliable and sustainable way. The National Electricity General Planning (RUKN, Rencana Umum Kelistrikan Nasional) is an integrated policy in the electricity sector comprising projection of electricity demand and supply of power generation, investment and financing, utilization of primary energy resources, as well as new and renewable energy for power generation.

According to Act No. 15 on Electricity (1985) and the Government Regulation No. 26 on supply and utilization of power generation (2006), the electricity utility should undertake planning and have an Electricity Power Supply Business Plan (RUPTL, Rencana Umum Pengusahaan Tenaga Listrik).

The structure of the current Indonesian electricity supply industry is shown in Figure 2. According to the law No. 15/1985, Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN), which is a state-owned enterprise as well as a limited liability company, is the only authority in the country that provides electricity to all Indonesian people. In serving the national electricity demand, PLN produces electricity from its own power plants, including generator companies which are PLN’s subsidiaries. PLN also acts as the single buyer that purchases electricity from independent power producers (IPP). Other power producers apart from PLN and IPP are ’captive powers’, mostly industries that produce power for self uses, and some other smaller companies including co-operatives that sell their electricity directly to consumers.

FIGURE 2 THE STRUCTURE OF CURRENT ELECTRICITY SUPPLY INDUSTRY

PLN builds and owns most electricity infrastructure in the country. In terms of generation facilities, PLN owns almost every kind of power plants, such as coal-fired and oil-fired steam power plants, gas turbine, geothermal, hydroelectric, and diesel plants. Most of these generation facilities are under the management of two PLN’s subsidiaries, PT Indonesia Power and PT Pembangkitan Jawa Bali (PT. PJB).

FIGURE 3 CURRENT ELECTRICITY MARKET

In delivering electricity to its large, medium and small customers while maintaining the quality and reliability of its services, PT PLN has developed extensive transmission and distribution networks, including the large scale interconnection power grid in the Java-Bali system.

Furthermore, PT PLN established 10 subsidiaries and 2 joint ventures as the following:

1. PT. Indonesia Power, whose main business is electricity generation;

2. PT. Pembangkitan Jawa Bali (PT PJB), whose main business is electricity generation;

3. PT. National Electricity Service of Batam Island (PT. Pelayanan Listrik Nasional Batam - PLN Batam), that engaged in business of electricity provision for public purposes in the Region Batam Island;

4. PT. Indonesia Comnets Plus, whose main business is telecommunication;

5. PT. Prima Layanan Nasional Enjiniring (PT. PLN Enjiniring), a company on engineering, consultant and construction supervision;

6. PT. National Electricity Service Tarakan (PT PLN Tarakan), a provider of electricity for public purposes in Tarakan Island of East Kalimantan;

7. PT. Geo Dipa Energi, a joint venture between PT.PLN and PT. PERTAMINA, whose business is in electricity generation, especially geothermal power plant;

8. PT PLN Batubara, is a coal mine and coal supplier for coal power plants;

9. PT PLN Geothermal, is a generating company with geothermal energy;

10. Majapahit Holding BV, is a holding company in Amsterdam, Holland;

11. PT Haleyora Power, is a company serving operation and maintenance of transmission and distribution system. It established a Joint Venture Company (JVC) in the field of energy provider called PT Energi Pelabuhan Indonesia (EPI), with PT PELINDO II.

Power systems in Indonesia are divided into two types: interconnected systems and isolated systems. The power systems which are well interconnected are the Java-Bali system and the Sumatra system, while the rest are still isolated. In the end of 2014 the capacity of Indonesia’s power system is 49,701 MW, consisting of both PLN’s plants and Non-PLN’s plants. Compared to last year’s 47,128 MW, the capacity of the power system increased by 2,573 MW or 5.5 %. Of this amount, 34,206 MW are PLN’s plants (details in Table 5) with 78.26 % capacity installed in the Java-Bali system.

TABLE 5 ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION, CONSUMPTION AND CAPACITY

							Average Annual Growth Rate (%)
	2001	2005	2010	2011	2012	2013	2001 to 2013
Capacity of Electrical Plants (GWe)
Hydro	3.10	3.22	3.52	3.51	3.51	3.52	1.17
Steam	6.94	6.9	9.45	12.05	14.45	15.55	11.06
Gas	1.22	2.72	3.22	2.83	2.97	2.89	1.30
Combine Cycle	6.86	6.28	6.95	7.83	8.81	8.81	4.53
Geothermal	0.42	0.39	0.43	0.43	0.54	0.56	5.11
Diesel PP	2.61	2.99	3.26	2.56	2.59	2.84	-0.16
Mini Gas PP	0.012	0.012	0.026	0	0	0	1.67
Other Renewable
Wind	0	0	0.00034	0.00034	0.00034	0.00034	71.04
Solar	0	0	0.0002	0.0012	0.0062	0.0081	326.28
Total	21.07	22.51	26.87	29.22	32.89	34.19	5.45
Electricity Production (TWh)
Hydro	10.72	9.82	15.84	10.32	10.52	13.00	6.47
Steam	39.42	42.33	54.45	62.32	73.82	81.00	8.64
Gas	1.51	6.00	7.93	8.24	5.67	5.91	1.97
Combine Cycle	27.43	31.34	36.84	40.43	34.57	36.42	2.25
Geothermal	3.00	3.00	3.44	3.53	3.56	4.34	4.93
Diesel PP	5.85	5.82	5.12	4.00	3.48	3.21	-6.64
Mini Gas PP	0	0	0.07	0.05	0.0551	0.381	66.40
Other Renewable
Wind	0	0	0.00002	0.0007	0.0028	0.0054	532.59
Solar	0	0	0.0005	0	0	0	0
Rent of Generator	0.8	3.1	8.2	13.9	18.07	19.74	28.46
Buy	13.3	26.1	38.1	40.7	50.56	52.22	9.27
Total	101.9	127.4	169.77	183.35	200.30	216.22	6.85
Total Electricity Consumption (TWh)	84.5	107	147.3	158	173.99	187.54	7.28

Source: PLN Statistics 2013, PT. PLN (Persero)

The system’s peak-load in 2013 was 30,834 MW. The peak load increased by 6.76% compared to the previous year. PT. PLN produced electricity of about 216,189 GWh in 2013 including those produced from power generation units rented from other companies. The total production (including purchase from utilities outside PLN or IPP) during 2013 was 268,412 GWh, with an increase of 52,223 GWh 24.16 % compared to the previous year. Of this energy production, the energy purchased from other utilities outside PLN amounted to 50.56 TWh (25.24%). This was increased by 9.9 TWh or 24.29 % compared to the previous year. From the total energy purchased, the greater part was 8,203 GWh (15.71%) from PT Paiton Energy Company and 8,062 GWh (15.44%) from PT. Jawa Power.

TABLE 6 ENERGY RELATED RATIOS

	2000	2005	2010	2011	2012	2013
Energy Consumption per Capita (GJ/Capita)	14.478	15.943	19.57	20.51	22.15	22.45
Electricity Consumption per capita (kWh/Capita)		489.02	619.83	655.23	712.45	753.7
Electricity Production/Energy Production (%)	3.71	4.03	3.94	3.74	4.16	4.21
Nuclear/Total Electricity(%)		0	0	0	0	0
Ratio of External dependency(%)	-0.9	-0.8	-0.9	-1	-0.25	-0.24

Source: PLN Statistics 2013, PT. PLN (Persero)

Historical activities related to Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) program in Indonesia is shown in Figure 4 below.

FIGURE 4 HISTORICAL ACTIVITIES RELATED TO NPP PROGRAM

In 2000-2002 the Indonesian Government performed an Energy Planning Study (Comprehensive Assessment of Different Energy Sources, CADES). This study involved related institutions and ministries, and was reviewed by IAEA. The result of this study was submitted to President Abdurrahman Wahid by Director General of IAEA, Mohammad El Baradei, in 2003. Based on the result of this study, NPP in Indonesia will operate in 2016.

In the National Electricity General Plan (2005-2025), nuclear sources shall contribute in the electricity generation. While, in Presidential Decree No. 5 year 2006 on National Energy Policy (2005-2025), the target of optimum energy mix in 2025, with the contribution of biomass, nuclear, hydro, solar, and wind was set up to be more than 5% of total national energy supply. Besides that, in accordance with Act No. 17 Year 2007 on National Long-Term Development Planning, nuclear energy should be implemented during 2015-2019.

In 2009, Indonesia prepared, developed and conducted a self-evaluation of the status of national nuclear infrastructure development. Furthermore, the Integrated Nuclear Infrastructure Review (INIR) Mission by IAEA to review the status of Indonesia’s national nuclear infrastructure was conducted on November 23-27, 2009. The conclusion of INIR mission showed that Indonesia had done extensive preparatory work on most infrastructure issues that would allow the country to make the decision to further consider introduction of nuclear power, i.e. to go from phase 1 to phase 2 in milestone methodology defined by the Agency.

The comprehensive feasibility study was carried out in three consecutive years from 2011-2013 in Bangka Island - Bangka Belitung Province, which was carried out by the Indonesian Government through BATAN and PLN that were assisted by both domestic and international consultants. In this study, there are two selected site candidates in Bangka Island, i.e. Bangka Barat Regency and Bangka Selatan Regency. Both selected candidate sites are very feasible for NPPs to be built.

The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources is preparing the White Paper of 5,000 MWe NPP in Indonesia. It is prepared to be able to be a source of information and reference for all stakeholders in the decision for the construction of NPPs in Indonesia.

In order to implement a nuclear energy program, Indonesia so far has not decided to establish a Nuclear Energy Program Implementing Organization (NEPIO). It should be noted that some available institutions, such as, National Nuclear Energy Agency (BATAN), Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Research and Technology, Ministry of Industry, Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency (BAPETEN), Universities and State Electricity Company have played essential roles similar to those of an NEPIO.

Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources has the role in energy and electricity policy, Ministry of Research and Technology in science and technology policy, Ministry of Environment in site and environmental policy, while Ministry of Industry in national industry and technology transfer policy.

FIGURE 5 INSTITUTIONS INVOLVED IN NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAM

FIGURE 6 RESPONSIBLE INSTITUTIONS AND THEIR SCOPE OF WORK

BATAN collaborated with universities that have a role in doing research and development including technical consultancy, human resources and training, information and socialization and site preparation. BAPETEN has a role as regulatory body in nuclear regulation and licensing.

BATAN in co-operation with other relevant government institutions initiates to prepare, develop and conduct a self-evaluation on the national status of 19 basic infrastructures of NPP development, which has been started since 2009. Figure 6 shows the responsible institutions and their scope of work in infrastructure preparation of nuclear power program.

TABLE 7 STATUS AND PERFORMANCE OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

Station	Type	Net Capacity	Operator	Status	Reactor Supplier	Construction Date	Grid Date	Commercial Date	Shutdown Date	UCF for year
NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA

NA

Although the Government of Indonesia has not taken Go Nuclear decision yet, Indonesia actively prepares the first NPP development program such as feasibility study, and other infrastructure issues.

Indonesia considers having NPP project through an open bid mechanism. Type of contract for first NPP is a turnkey approach. Regarding the nuclear fuel cycle, an open cycle is a preferred option. According to the BAPETEN Chairman Regulation No. 4/2009 on Nuclear Reactor Decommissioning, the Owner has responsibility for decommissioning of NPP including provision for financial guarantee. 

Specific plans are needed for national strategy implementation. The nuclear infrastructure is being developed through many related institutions based on their tasks.

The scheduled activities for the first NPP was prepared in accordance with the Nuclear Act No. 10 Year 1997. The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources has developed The White Paper of Nuclear Power Plant 5000 MWe in Indonesia. The commercial operation of the first NPP is expected by 2027. Table 8 below shows the planned reactor to be built.

TABLE 8 PLANNED NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

Station/Project Name	Type	Capacity	Expected Construction Start Year	Expected Commercial Year
NPP Unit 1	PWR	1,000 MWe	2022	2027

As a first step for the development and operation of a future commercial NPP , BATAN is currently preparing to develop an Experimental Power Reactor (EPR). The EPR is planned to be built in the National Centre for Research of Science and Technology (PUSPIPTEK) area at Serpong, South Tangerang, Banten Province. HTGR (High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor) with the power size of 10-15 MWth that generates electricity (3-5 MWe) and heat for other experimental purposes (coal liquefaction and gasification, hydrogen production) was chosen for this purpose.

The development of EPR is one of the entry points in the utilization of nuclear energy. Based on nuclear legislation, BATAN has an authority to build and operate non- commercial NPP or EPR. The development of EPR is also a strategic effort for mastering the nuclear energy project management, engineering capacity building and human resource development to strengthen the role of the Technical Supporting Organization (TSO).

Construction, operation and decommissioning of nuclear reactor shall be performed by State Company, co-operative, and/or private company, as mentioned in the Act No 10 of 1997 as well as Government Regulation No. 2 of 2014 on The Licensing of Nuclear Installation and Nuclear Fuel Utilization.

Regarding the operation of NPP, the operator should apply for license or permit from BAPETEN for site, construction, commissioning, operation and decommissioning.

The owner is responsible for the type of contract suitable to implement each NPP project. However, up to now, no organization has been established to be the owner of the first NPP. A study report on project management for NPP done by BATAN and KHNP shows that a turnkey contract approach is very appropriate for the first NPP project.

Local participation in the construction of a nuclear power plant should be maximized. The national industry capability shows that the national participation is about 35% for the first NPP and targeted to increase from 35% to 80% respectively from step 1 up to step 5.

FIGURE 7 RATE OF NATIONAL PARTICIPATION

To increase the national participation from 35% to 80% gradually, the nuclear capability should be improved in the following areas: project management and engineering, mechanical plant, electrical system, instrumentation and control, turbine island equipment, waste management system, fuel handling system, reactor containment facilities and Nuclear Steam Supply System (NSSS) auxiliary system.

Policies and requirements for purchasing nuclear equipment and services are not considered yet, but it should follow the existing regulations.

Funding scheme for the NPP project in Indonesia is still under consideration. There are three kinds of NPP funding schemes, i.e. conventional scheme, built operate transfer (BOT) scheme including its variants (built own operate (BOO)/built lease transfer (BLT)), and counter trade scheme. A study undertaken by BATAN, PLN and Korea Nuclear and Hydro Power (KHNP) proposed a financing scheme and ownership structure for the first NPP in Indonesia. The funding for the construction of the first NPP may be a combination of a long-term loan and equity. The loan would be used mostly to finance procurement of foreign contents, most likely obtained from ECA (Export Credit Agency) and commercial bank through loan agreement with the ‘NPP company’ that could be owned by the government. Most of the equity portion would be used to finance local capital expenditure, such as land acquisition, professional fee, mobilization, certification, etc. The equity will be sourced partly from the public utility's own funds, which might be PLN or another state-owned enterprise/company, and from private investors who can become partners.

Funding for spent fuel handling, waste management and decommissioning and final disposal is the responsibility of the owner.

Presently, an integrated system of electrical grid exists in Java-Bali-Madura and Sumatera. The Java-Bali-Madura system is interconnected with 500 kV and 150 kV lines, while Sumatera is interconnected with 275 kV and 150 kV lines. Power transmission in Java-Bali and Sumatera will be integrated. PT. PLN plans to expand the interconnection project through electricity transmission system of high voltage direct current/HVDC). The combining of the two-trusted interconnection is considered to have impact on cheap and efficient energy use. The interconnection system will be designed to distribute 3,000 MW from Sumatera to Jawa-Bali. It will consist of converter station from AC power to DC in Muara Enim, South Sumatera. DC power will then be converted to AC (inverter station) in Bogor, West Java. In case of Bangka NPP available, this power transmission integration will ease the electricity distribution from Sumatera to Java.

Currently, in Kalimantan Island, 150 kV line has interconnected the provinces of Central Kalimantan, South Kalimantan and East Kalimantan. However, West Kalimantan province is still isolated from the other provinces.

There are several locations in Indonesia that have been identified as potential sites for NPPs. Figure 8 shows the location of each site and recent status regarding survey of the site, namely: Muria Peninsula, Banten, East Kalimantan, Bangka Island, West Kalimantan and Batam Island sites. Specifically for Batam Island, site pre-survey was started this year, 2015. All of the potential sites were located in a coastal line due to cooling water source availability.

In conducting the site survey and evaluation, IAEA guidance and BAPETEN regulation related to the safety and non-safety aspects and other considerations are used as the basis for safety and non-safety analysis.

FIGURE 8 CURRENT STATUS OF NPP SITE STUDY

Muria Site

Feasibility Study for the Muria Peninsula was completed in 1996, identifying three candidate sites i.e. Ujung Lemahabang (ULA), Ujung Watu (UW) and Ujung Grenggengan (UG). Two sites were preferred, namely ULA and UW. Site Evaluation of the ULA preferred site has already been done by NEWJEC in 1991-1996, while for UW preferred site, the evaluation is not done yet. Nonetheless, a development with international guidance and national regulation will require a further investigation of ULA site, specifically with regard to volcanic, geotechnical and seismotectonic aspects. Figure 9 shows the transportation infrastructure of the Muria site.

FIGURE 9 TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE OF MURIA SITE

Banten Site

Based on a preliminary study from year 2008 until now, there are two potential sites in Banten, namely Pulo Panjang and Kramatwatu-Bojonegara. This study covers regional and near-regional analysis.

The characteristics of both sites are as the following:

• safe from external hazard (volcanic, surface faulting, seismicity, extreme meteorology, and coastal flooding);

• is not located in Pyroclastic Density Current (PDC) of capable volcano;

• the distance of supposed capable fault to the sites > 5 km;

• Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) value < 0.4 g;

• not an area that has tornado events or tropical cyclones;

• was not flooded by tsunami waves caused by the historical tectonic earthquake and Krakatoa volcanic (1883);

• not inundated by sea level rise due to global warming (eustacy) in a 100 year projection;

• not in urban and population centre area and has the distance to outer border of population centre > 1 km;

• safe from human activity that have potential safety threat as initiating events.

Figure 10 shows transport infrastructure of the Banten site.

FIGURE 10 TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE BANTEN SITE

Bangka Site

The feasibility study carried out in Bangka Island consisted of three phases in three consecutive years from 2011 to 2013. Based on the study, there are two interest areas in Bangka site; Site-1: Teluk Manggris-Tanah Merah, Mentok, West Bangka Regency, and Site-2: Tj. Berani-Tj Krasak, Sebagian, Simpang Rimba, South Bangka Regency. A licensing document consisting of Site Data Report (SDR), Site Evaluation Report (SER), Site Data Information (SDI), concept of Environmental Impact Analysis Report (EIAR), and draft of NPP Master Plan was done in 2013.

The interest area 1 can be reached from Pangkal Pinang through Kelapa by paved road of approximately 140 km, then for about 4 to 6 km by unpaved road, of which only 3 km can be accessed by car and the rest by motorcycle or by four-wheel drive vehicle. The interest area 2 can be reached from Pangkal Pinang through Sungai Selan, Bangka Kota, Simpang Rimba, Permis Village, Rajik Village and Sebakin Village by paved road of 83.5 km. There are 5 major harbours and one medium airport. Bangka site transport infrastructure is provided in Figure 11.

FIGURE 11 BANGKA SITE TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURES

Based on the feasibility study performed, West and South Bangka are considered feasible to be the NPP site due to the site acceptance.

Ultimate capacity for West Bangka site is 6 x 1000 MWe and South Bangka site is 4 x 1000 MWe.

West Kalimantan Site

FIGURE 12 NPP POTENSIAL SITE AT KETAPANG REGENCY

Based on the conformity analysis of Ketapang and Kayong Utara Regency, there are three areas of interest located in Ketapang Regency and another area of interest located in Kayong Utara Regency. By using a weighting approach, ranking the areas of interests: Kendawung district (Ketapang Regency) as first rank, Sukadana district (Kayong Utara Regency) as second rank, Matan Hilir Selatan district (Ketapang Regency) as last rank.

From a geological aspect, each of the potential sites has a relatively stable formation, with the reasonably similar lithology condition and a safe distance from volcanic hazard. More specifically, in Kendawangan sub-district granite and volcanic rock was found. The land cover of Ketapang regency is dominated by peat with a depth of more than 3 meters.

East Kalimantan Site

Pre-survey activities in 2007-2008 acquired 8 potential sites, namely (1) Tanjung Prapat and Tanjung Saban, Paser regency; (2) Babulu Laut, Penajam Paser Utara regency; (3) Industrial area of Kariangau, Balikpapan; (4) Sandaran sub-district, Kutai Timur regency; (5) Sanggata sub-district, Kutai Timur regency; (6) Pulau Derawan sub-district, Berau regency; (7) Talisayan, Berau regency and (8) Biduk-biduk, Berau regency. In 2009, pre-survey activities only covered Balikpapan, Kutai Timur Regency and Berau regency which yielded four interest areas, namely: (1) Tanjung Batu, Berau regency; (2) Talisayan, Berau regency; (3)Tanjungpagar, Kutai Timur regency and (4) Kariangau, Balikpapan.

FIGURE 13 POTENTIAL SITES AT EAST KALIMANTAN

Generally, all the potential sites located in east Kalimantan are safe from volcanic and seismic hazard. From a lithological point of view, Balikpapan is composed of Miocene-Pliocene and Holocene rocks. Meanwhile, Kutai Timur regency is constituted by Eocene-Pliocene rocks. A compact bed rock has been found in Berau regency that consists of Domaring Formation and Sajau Formation. Alluvial sedimentation has dispersed along the coastal line of each potential site. Berau regency has several major rivers namely Berau, Kelay and Segah river. These rivers have a potential to cause river flooding at the estuary due to the slope morphology.

Balikpapan is a city with a well-developed infrastructure. Road infrastructure is mostly well interconnected within the region. There is an airport, Sepinggan airport, which up to now was the main access point to enter East Kalimantan Province.

Land transportation at Kutai Timur Regency consists of several routes. The road condition along Samarinda Sangatta is fairly good as a main route. For air transportation, there are two airports; Kaltim Prima Coal (KPC) airport at Tanjung Bara and Pertamina airport at Sangkimah. There is also an existing seaport and harbour in the area.

Meanwhile, at the Berau Regency, land transportation path from Kutai Timur Regency is in a fairly good condition and used as the province’s main route. Sea transportation is used to connect to other region such as from Kota Tanjung Batu to Batu Putih. This pathway is relatively more comfortable and economical. Air transportation at the Berau Regency serves regional movement from Berau to Balikpapan, Tarakan, Tanjung Selor and Samarinda through Kalimarau airport (4 km from Tanjung Redeb).

In order to survey public perception concerning utilization of NPP in Indonesia, on November 2010, a poll was conducted for 3,000 respondents, resulting in 59.7% agreeing, 26.1% not agreeing and 14.2% abstaining. After Fukushima’s NPP accident in 2011, a poll was conducted for the same amount of respondents and the result decreased to 49.5% agreeing. In 2012 a poll involving 5.000 respondents was conducted and it showed that public acceptance increased to 52%. A poll in 2013 showed that public acceptance for utilization of NPP in Indonesia increased to 60.4%. The newest poll in 2014, public acceptance for utilization of NPP in Indonesia significantly increased and 72% were found to be agreeing.

Research and development (R&D) of nuclear science and technology are mainly implemented by BATAN. Nuclear R&D activities are classified into reactor safety, radiation safety, environmental safety, radiation and radioisotope application, and radioactive waste-management. R&D activities are implemented in several nuclear complexes as described in the following paragraphs.

SERPONG NUCLEAR COMPLEX

There are many centres in the Serpong Nuclear Complex for research and development and engineering of nuclear science and technology that have been built with the objectives to support development of the nuclear industry and for preparation, development as well as operation of Nuclear Power Plants in Indonesia.

The development of installations and laboratories of the Serpong Nuclear Complex had been conducted in three phases beginning in 1983 and fully completed in 1992. The area is about 25 hectares and is located in the National Centre for Research of Science and Technology (PUSPIPTEK), Serpong.

The main facility in the area is the GA. Siwabessy Multipurpose Research Reactor with a power of 30 MWth. The Installation is used for Production of Research Reactor Fuel Element, Radioisotopes and Radiopharmaceuticals Installation, Experimental Fuel Element Installation, Radioactive Waste Processing Installation, Radiometallurgy Installation, Reactor Safety and Engineering Installation, Facility for Development of Informatics and Computation, Nuclear Mechanic-Electronic Installation, Neutron Spectrometry Installation, as well as Storage for Spent Fuel Elements and Contaminated Materials Installation.

BANDUNG NUCLEAR COMPLEX

The Bandung Nuclear Complex was initially constructed in the early 1960s on an area of 3 hectares and where the first research reactor was built in Indonesia. The activities conducted covered the utilization of the reactor for research and fostering of expertise, R&D of basic materials, radioisotopes and labelled compounds, instrumentation and radiometry analysis techniques and supervision of occupational radiation safety and environment.

In addition, nuclear medicine in Indonesia was first developed in Bandung nuclear complex. The activities of nuclear medicine have since then further developed in several hospitals in Indonesia.

In order to support the R&D activities, the Bandung Nuclear Complex utilizes various facilities, among others, the Triga Mark II Reactor which started with a power of 250 kW in 1965. The power of this reactor was increased to 1000 kW in 1971 and further to 2000 kW in 2000.

Other facilities in this area are the laboratory for physics, chemistry and biology, production of isotopes and labelled compounds.

YOGYAKARTA NUCLEAR COMPLEX

The Yogyakarta Nuclear Complex was established in 1974 on a land of 8.5 hectares. The Centre for Science and Technology of Accelerator and the Polytechnic Institute of Nuclear Technology are located within this area.

The activities conducted covers R&D in nuclear physics, chemistry, technology of low and medium energy particle accelerator, process technology, analysis of nuclear materials and reactor, as well as the use of the reactor for research and fostering of expertise.

In addition, supervision of occupational radiation safety and of environmental radioactivity is also conducted. Meanwhile the Polytechnic Institute of Nuclear Technology conducts programs of education in the field of nuclear science and technology.

The facilities in this area are the Kartini Research with a power of 100 kW, complemented with a subcritical assembly, a laboratory for pure materials research, accelerators, laboratories for nuclear physics and chemistry, a work health and safety facility, library facilities, as well as laboratory facilities for education.

PASAR JUM'AT NUCLEAR COMPLEX

The Pasar Jum'at Nuclear Complex was built in 1966 in an area of about 20 hectares. In this area, Centre for Application of Isotope and Radiation, Centre for Technology of Radiation Safety and Metrology, Centre for Technology of Nuclear Geology, Centre for Education and Training and Centre for Dissemination and Partnerships are located.

In this area, among others are the following facilities: three units of Co-60 Gamma Irradiators, two electron beam machines, laboratory for uranium processing, radiation measuring equipment, chemistry, biology, process and hydrology, education and training facility as well as a permanent exhibition for nuclear science and technology.

MONITORING STATIONS FOR MICRO-EARTHQUAKES AND METEOROLOGY JEPARA - CENTRAL JAVA AND BANGKA ISLAND

Since 1982 a monitoring station for Micro-Earthquakes and Meteorology has been built and operated in the Ujung Watu village in Jepara - Central Java. The micro-earthquakes monitoring station records the earthquakes data originating from volcanic as well as tectonic earthquakes, whereas the meteorology station records air pressure, wind speed and direction, air temperature, humidity and solar radiation.

In addition, since 2011 an identical facility has been built on Bangka Island to record the data of micro-earthquakes and meteorology on the Bangka site. There are 10 micro-earthquakes monitoring stations and two meteorology monitoring stations.

Indonesia is willing to participate in the development of nuclear reactor system through INPRO project. There is also a plan to develop HTR design with co-generation purposes.

Indonesia has signed a number of international agreements as well as conducted bilateral and multilateral co-operations in the field of nuclear power development. A complete list of international agreements and co-operations is provided in Appendix 1.

Profile of the Regulatory Body

Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency (BAPETEN) is a non-Department Government Institution which is under and responsible to the President. BAPETEN has the tasks of implementing the surveillance of all activities of the use of nuclear energy in Indonesia through regulation, licensing and inspection in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. BAPETEN was founded on May 8, 1998 and began actively working on January 4, 1999.

The main task of BAPETEN is to conduct surveillance of all activities that use nuclear energy by managing the regulation, licensing and inspections.

The functions of BAPETEN are:

1. Formulation of national policies in the field of supervision of the use of nuclear energy; preparation and creation of national plans and programs in the field of supervision of nuclear energy utilization;

2. The management and preparation of regulations and the review of the implementation of nuclear safety, radiation safety, and security of nuclear materials;

3. Implementation of licensing and inspection of construction and operation of nuclear reactors, nuclear installations, nuclear materials facilities, and sources of radiation as well as the development of nuclear preparedness; implementation of co-operation in the field of monitoring of the use of nuclear energy by government agencies or other organizations both inside and outside of the territory of Indonesia;

4. Implementation of surveillance and control of nuclear materials; implementation of guidance and information concerning the efforts to ensure the safety and health of the workers, the members of the public as well as environmental protection;

5. Implementation of the improvement of human resources development and quality in the BAPETEN; implementation of administrative guidance, control and supervision within BAPETEN environment;

6. Implementation of other tasks given by the President.

Role & Responsibility of the Regulatory Body

BAPETEN, as an independent regulatory body, has responsibility to ensure that any activity related to the use of any nuclear energy is performed to maintain the safety, security, and peace, as well as the health of the workers and the public, and also the protection of the environment. These are administered by:

1. Drafting and establishing nuclear safety regulations;

2. Controlling nuclear installations and nuclear materials through licensing and inspection systems that covered all stages of NPP establishment (from site evaluation to decommissioning stages);

3. Controlling the use of radioactive materials and other radiation sources through licensing and inspection systems.

Scope of Activities

Nuclear Energy Act UU No. 10 of 1997 explains the important supervisory function in protecting public health and the health of the environment: the creation of regulations, licensing and inspections. This supervisory function is the main activity carried out by BAPETEN.

Making Rules: BAPETEN is responsible for the creation of rules and safety regulations. Representing the government, BAPETEN co-operates with the House of Representatives in making government regulations in relation to the safe use of radiation sources. BAPETEN also assists the President of the Republic of Indonesia in making a Presidential Decree.

As a regulatory agency, BAPETEN has issued more than 30 recommendations and safety instructions in the use of nuclear energy. All regulations and instructions can be found on the website of BAPETEN.

Licensing: Uses of nuclear energy without prior permission of BAPETEN is prohibited. Until June 2005, BAPETEN has issued 3162 permits for industrial activities, 2958 permits for medical activities and 3383 working licenses working for Radiation Protection Officer.

BAPETEN continuous to try to raise awareness of radiation safety, which is important since many users of nuclear energy have not reported to BAPETEN of their ownership and uses of radioactive materials and their radiation emitting devices.

Inspection: BAPETEN conducts supervisory inspections to ensure compliance of the users with the safety regulations and provisions relevant to the permit conditions.

Organization of the Regulatory Body

BAPETEN is headed by a chairman assisted by two deputies and one executive secretary. It has seven directorates, two centres for assessment, three bureaus, and one internal affair and one education and training centre respectively, as shown in Figure 14 below. According to the regulation, the Chairman of BAPETEN is directly responsible to the President.

FIGURE 14 ORGANIZATION CHART OF THE REGULATORY BODY

Based on the Government Regulation (GR) No. 2 in 2014 on the Licensing of Nuclear Installation and Nuclear Fuel Utilization, instead of Government Regulation No. 43 in 2006, the construction and operation of a nuclear reactor can be performed after obtaining a license from BAPETEN. The license will be issued in the following stages: Site Permit, Construction Permit, Operating License and Decommissioning Permit.



FIGURE 15 DIAGRAM OF THE ENTIRE LICENSING PROCESS

There are two procedures for obtaining a license, which are as follows:

Five stages licensing procedure and evaluation period:

1. Site Permit/License (maximum 2 years);

2. Construction Permit/License (maximum 2 years);

3. Commissioning Permit/License (maximum 1 year);

4. Operating License (maximum 2 years);

5. Decommissioning Permit (maximum 1 year).

The diagram of the Entire Licensing Process is shown in Figure 15.