The governmental system of Pakistan is based on its constitution of 1973; a federal parliamentary system with a President as head of State and a Prime Minister as head of Government. The parliament consists of the Lower House, which is called National Assembly, and the Upper House, called Senate. National Assembly members are directly elected for five-year terms while Senate members are elected for six years by provincial assemblies, with equal representation from each of the four provinces, as well as representatives from the Federally Administered Tribal Areas and Islamabad Capital Territory. Both the Senate and National Assembly may initiate and pass legislation.

Executive power lies with the President and the Prime Minister. An electoral college composed of members of the national and provincial legislatures elects the President for a five-year term. The Prime Minister is an elected member of the National Assembly and is the leader of the National Assembly’s dominant party or coalition. The Prime Minister is assisted by a cabinet of Ministers who are appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister.

Pakistan has four provinces. Each province has a Governor; appointed by the President, an elected provincial legislative assembly and a Chief Minister who is selected by the party or a coalition majority in the legislative assembly. The Chief Minister is assisted by a council of ministers chosen by the Chief Minister and approved by the Governor.

Pakistan is situated in South Asia and it stretches over 1,600 km from southwest to northeast. It lies between 23°N and 37°N latitude and 61°E and 78°E longitude. The country is a land of diversified physical features, and six major geographical regions can be identified as:

1. Northern Mountains;

2. The Western off-shoots of the Himalayas;

3. Baluchistan Plateau;

4. Potowar Plateau and the Salt Range;

5. Upper and Lower Indus Plains;

6. The Thar Desert.

Pakistan has great diversity in climate. The winter is extremely cold in the northern mountains and western off-shoots of the Himalayas. The mountains remain snow covered throughout the year, while the summer is extremely hot in the Baluchistan Plateau and the Lower Indus Plain as temperatures reach up to 53°C at some places in these regions.

Pakistan experiences a general deficiency of rainfall. The country is on the margin of the monsoon climate and most of the rainfall is in the months of July, August and September. Flooding is a regular feature of the Indus plain, and some parts of the Sindh province are dependent on flood irrigated agriculture.

On 1st July 2012, the population of Pakistan was about 180 million with a population density of 226 inhabitants per km². At present, the population growth rate is about 2.0% per annum (GoP: 2012). The population related information over the last four decades has been given in Table 1.

TABLE 1. POPULATION INFORMATION

Notes: (i) Years in this Table are calendar years (i.e. from 1st January – 31st December)

1. Population data is as on 1st January.

Source: (GoP: 2012).

Over the last four decades, the economy of the country has grown at an average annual rate of 7.9% (in current US$). However, due to a high population growth rate, per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has increased at only 5.1% per annum during the same period. The per capita income in Pakistan was US$ 1,223 in 2012. The GDP statistics have been reported in Table 2.

TABLE 2. GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)

Note: - Years in this Table are financial years (i.e. from 1st July – 30th June)

Source: (GoP: 2012).

Pakistan’s energy resources consist of fossil fuels (coal, gas and oil), uranium and renewable energy (hydropower, wind, wood etc.). The fossil fuels reserves and potential renewable energy of Pakistan are reported in Table 3. Pakistan does not have adequate oil reserves and has to import large quantities of crude oil and petroleum products to meet around 80% of its oil requirements. The natural gas reserves of the country are limited, however the coal reserves are large but yet undeveloped.

The hydro power potential of Pakistan is estimated to be 55,000 MW. Around 12% of the estimated potential has already been exploited. The hydro potential is located in mountainous region, away from load centers. High investment cost (for electricity generation and transmission), socio-political issues, such as water allocation among the provinces and resettlement of people, are some of the reasons for not exploiting the potential to its full capacity. Pakistan has a considerable potential of wind energy. The economically exploitable wind potential is about 50,000 MW.

TABLE 3. ESTIMATED ENERGY RESOURCES

N.A. not available

Notes:-

1. Specific units for solid & liquid: million tonnes, gas: trillion cubic feet, hydro and wind: GW

2. Solid consists of only coal. It has been converted to energy at 19.8 GJ/tonne.

3. Liquid consists of crude only. It has been converted to energy at 44.2 GJ/tonne.

4. Natural gas has been converted to energy at 950 GJ/million cubic feet.

5. Hydro power potential has been converted to energy at 50% plant factor and 10,550 GJ/GWh.

6. Wind power potential has been converted to energy at 30% capacity factor and 10,550 GJ/GWh.

   Sources: (HDIP: 2012 and (WAPDA: 2011).

The energy supply statistics are given in Table 4. During the last decade, the indigenous oil production has been at a level of about 55,000-70,000 barrels per day (equivalent to about 16-21% of the country's oil consumption). Pakistan's natural gas production in year 2011-12 was 4,271 million ft³/ day.

TABLE 4. ENERGY STATISTICS (EXAJOULE)

* Nuclear power was introduced after 1970.

• Less than 0.005 exajoule

** Growth rate during the period 2005-2012.

Notes:-

1. Years in this Table are financial (i.e. from 1st July – 30th June)

2. Energy consumption = Primary energy production + Net import (import – export).

3. Solid fuel consists of coal and lignite.

4. Import of electricity was started in the year 2003

Sources: (GoP: 1978) and (HDIP: 2012).

Coal Production in 2011-12 was 3.6 million tonnes, while 4.1 million tonnes of coal were imported to meet the industrial requirement. The development of the coal mining industry in Pakistan, particularly for power generation is hampered by many constraints relating to the quality of coal, mining difficulties and organizational constraints.

During the year 2011-12, hydropower provided 29.0% of electricity in Pakistan. Although, Pakistan has relatively high endowment of hydropower potential, however only 6,716 MW (12%) has been exploited so far. Some small, mini and micro hydro projects are under construction and a number of medium and large size hydroelectric projects have been planned/proposed.

Nuclear power generation contributed 4.9% to the total electricity generation of Pakistan in year 2011-12. The country has three nuclear power plants (NPPs); KANUPP, a Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR) of 137 MW (de-rated 100 MW), and two Pressurized Light Water Reactor (PWR) namely CHASNUPP unit-1 (C-1) and CHASNUPP unit-2 (C-2) each of gross capacity 325 MW. Two more PWR type nuclear units C-3 and C-4 each of 340 MW gross capacity are under construction at the Chashma site and are expected to be commissioned in December 2016 and October 2017, respectively.

The energy sector, to a large extent, has been owned and operated by the Government of Pakistan (GoP). During the last two decades, GoP formulated various policies and programmes to reform the energy sector. Besides improving the efficiency of public sector institutions, policies have been made to increase the private sector participation in the development of the energy sector. The legal and institutional framework has been setup for restructuring of energy sector entities owned by the public sector and to create a market in which private companies can work under the regulatory authorities to provide energy/electricity on a competitive basis.

GoP formulated the Medium Term Development Framework (MTDF) 2005-10 (GoP: 2005). The Framework translates the vision of long-term (2005-30) sustainable development into a mix of actions and policies to decide the role of the public sector in the development process, and to facilitate the private sector to play its role. The Framework identifies issues in the energy sector to design strategies for development and policies for their implementation. The aim of current energy policy is to ensure sustainable supply of energy to all sectors of economy at a competitive price through development of indigenous energy resources (coal, hydro, nuclear and renewables) and a reduction in energy import dependence.

The Pakistan power sector was owned and served by two public utilities; the Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) and Karachi Electric Supply Company (KESC). Over the years it was observed that these institutions were not able to meet the electricity demands of the country that resulted in a supply-demand gap. The performance of the power sector was continuously deteriorating due to institutional weaknesses, an irrational tariff structure and subsidies. To improve the performance of the power sector, the Regulation of Generation, Transmission and Distribution of Electric Power Act was passed in 1997 and an institutional framework was setup. The National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA) was established to function as an independent regulator and to ensure a transparent, competitive, commercially-oriented power market in Pakistan.

In the new setup, the Power Wing of WAPDA was unbundled into four Generation Companies (GENCOs), eight Distribution Companies (DISCOs) and one National Transmission and Dispatch Company (NTDC). One more distribution company namely Sukkur Electric Power Company Limited (SEPCO) was created in August 2011. The large hydro power projects remained the responsibility of WAPDA. The KESC was also privatized.

Planning and development of nuclear power is the responsibility of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC). NPPs are under the ownership of PAEC.

Private Power and Infrastructure Board (PPIB) was established to facilitate private investment in power sector. Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB) was created for the exploitation of renewable energy resources.

The overall planning of the electricity system is under the control of The National Economic Council (NEC), which is the supreme body responsible for ensuring balanced development activities in the country. It was created in December 1962 under Article 145 of the Constitution of Pakistan. NEC is headed by the Head of the Government. Its members are some Federal Ministers, the Governors/Chief Ministers of the provinces, and the Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission.

The Planning Commission is the chief instrument for formulating the national plans and Energy Wing of the Planning Commission estimates energy demand on the basis of information obtained from all concerned entities. The Energy Wing also formulates unified short- and long-term national energy plans. The NEC approves all plans and policies relating to energy/electricity sectors development. The Executive Committee of the National Economic Council (ECNEC) supervises implementation of the energy policy laid down by the Government, and approves any energy sector project to be built by the public sector.

The Ministry of Water and Power is responsible for development of water and power resources in the country. It handles all issues related to electricity generation, transmission & distribution, pricing and consumption in the country. The Ministry exercises this function through respective organizations. It also performs certain specific functions such as coordination of power sector plans, formulation of policy and specific incentives, and liaisons with provincial governments on all related issues.

The following are the major stakeholders in the electricity sector.

1. Jamshoro Power Company Ltd (GENCO-I)

   It owns and operates two thermal power plants of 1,024 MW capacity; Jamshoro(850 MW) and Kotri (174 MW).

2. Central Power Generation Company Ltd (GENCO-II)

   It owns and operates two thermal power plants of 1,690 MW capacity; Guddu (1,655 MW) and Quetta (35 MW).

3. Northern Power Generation Company (GENCO-III)

   It owns and operates five thermal power plants of 1,900 MW capacity; Muzaffargarh (1,350 MW), Multan (130 MW), Faisalabad Steam (132 MW), Faisalabad Gas Turbine (244 MW) and Shahdra (44 MW).

4. Lakhra Power Generation Company Ltd (GENCO-IV)

   It owns and operates a coal power plant at Lakhra of 150 MW capacity.

WAPDA is responsible for planning and execution of large hydro power projects. At present, WAPDA is operating 6,587 MW hydro power capacity.

PAEC is responsible for planning, implementation, operation and maintenance of NPPs. Presently three NPPs, KANUPP (137 MW, de-rated 100 MW), C-1 (325 MW) and C-2 (325 MW), are in operation.

NTDC is responsible for constructing, operating and maintaining the electricity transmission system of the country, that comprises transmission lines of 220 kV & 500 kV, and grid stations linking all power plants of the country. It also provides services to the distribution companies in designing and construction of 132 kV transmission lines and grid stations.

Following are ten electricity distribution companies in Pakistan.

1. Peshawar Electric Supply Company (PESCO)

2. Islamabad Electric Supply Company (IESCO)

3. Gujranwala Electric Power Company (GEPCO)

4. Lahore Electric Supply Company (LESCO)

5. Faisalabad Electric Supply Company (FESCO)

6. Multan Electric Power Company (MEPCO)

7. Hyderabad Electric Supply Company (HESCO)

8. Quetta Electric Supply Company (QESCO)

9. Sukkur Electric Power Company (SEPCO)

10. Karachi Electric Supply Company (KESC)

All the distribution companies, except KESC, are in the public domain. KESC is a privatized company responsible for generation, transmission and distribution of power to the city of Karachi and the surrounding area (Uthal and Bela district). KESC owns and operates 2,381 MW electricity generation capacity.

PPIB provides support to the private sector in implementing conventional power generation projects, including hydro power projects of more than 50 MW capacity. In the country, 28 thermal Independent Power Producers (IPPs) with total installed capacity of 8,560 MW and 3 hydro IPPs with total 129 MW installed capacity are operating.

AEDB is responsible for promoting and facilitating exploitation of the renewable energy resources in Pakistan. The first commercial scale wind power plant of 50 MW has been completed by Fauji Foundation Energy Limited at Jhimpir, in Sindh province. Four wind power plants of total capacity 200 MW are under construction, of which 56.4 MW Zorlu Energy at Jhimpir is expected to commence production this year (AEDB: 2013).

1. National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA)

NEPRA is responsible for: (i) granting licenses for generation, transmission and distribution of electric power; (ii) determining electricity tariffs for the consumers, transmitters, distributers and producers; and (iii) prescribing and implementing performance standards for generation, transmission and distribution companies.

1. Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority (PNRA)

PNRA is responsible for granting licenses to all nuclear installations in the country, including NPPs. The Authority is formulating and implementing effective regulations to ensure safe operation of NPPs.

Table 5 reports the data of electricity production and installed capacity in the country over the last four decades and Table 6 provides energy related ratios.

TABLE 5. ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION AND INSTALLED CAPACITY

* Nuclear power was introduced after 1970.

- Less than 0.01 TWh

Notes:-

1. Years in this Table are fiscal (1st July – 30th June).

1. Electricity transmission and distribution losses are not deducted.

Source: (HDIP: 2012) and (NEPRA: 2012).

The share of hydro power in total electricity generation is 29.0%. The availability of hydro power generation is subjected to seasonal variation i.e., it depends upon the reservoir levels, inflow of water and discharge of water from the reservoir. These variations are further deteriorated by the regulation on water outflow from the storage dam for irrigation.

TABLE 6. ENERGY RELATED RATIOS

* Nuclear power was introduced after 1970.

- Less than 0.1 %

Notes:

1. Years in this table are financial years (1st July – 30th June).

2. Energy consumption does not include wood.

3. Self-generation is not included in electricity production and consumption.

4. External dependency is the ratio of net import to total energy consumption.

Sources: Based on Tables 1, 4 and 5.

The Pakistan Atomic Energy Committee was established in 1955. The Ordinance for PAEC was promulgated by the President of Pakistan and later approved by the National Assembly in 1965. The functions of PAEC include research work necessary for the promotion of peaceful uses of nuclear energy in the fields of agriculture, medicine & industry and the execution of development projects including NPPs for the generation of electric power. In the performance of its functioning, the Commission is guided by the instructions, if any, given to it by the Government.

PAEC has a Chairman and nine full-time Members. The organizational chart of PAEC has been shown in Figure 1.

FIG 1. Organizational Chart of PAEC

Pakistan started construction of its first NPP, KANUPP, in 1966 at Karachi. The plant was connected to national grid on 18th October 1972. KANUPP, a PHWR of 137 MW gross capacity was constructed by the Canadian General Electric (CGE) under a turnkey contract. In 1976, vendor support was withdrawn. Thereafter, PAEC undertook manufacturing of some spares and fuel on an emergency basis and KANUPP has been using indigenously manufactured fuel since 1980.

Despite the keen interest of Pakistan in building additional NPPs, it took more than two decades to start construction of the second NPP due to an unfavorable international environment coupled with lack of indigenous technological and industrial capabilities for design and construction of NPPs. The construction of Pakistan's second NPP, C-1, a PWR, started in 1993 with the help of China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC). It has a gross capacity of 325 MW. The plant was connected to the national grid on June 13, 2000. The third NPP C-2 of 325 MW gross capacity, an improved version of C-1, started commercial operation on 18th May 2011. Two more NPPs, C-3 and C-4, are under construction at the Chashma site. Both these plants are being supplied by China and each will have gross capacity of 340 MW.

Table 7 reports the status and performance of NPPs in Pakistan. KANUPP completed its design life of 30 years in 2002. After necessary refurbishments and upgrades undertaken by PAEC, KANUPP is now operating on 15-year extended life at a de-rated gross capacity of 100 MW. The second NPP, C-1, has completed twelve years of safe commercial operation in September 2012. The third NPP C-2 is operating well since its commercial operation in May 2011. The three operating NPPs, KANUPP, C-1 and C-2, produced respectively 14.07 billion kWh, 25.96 billion kWh and 3.09 billion kWh of electricity from first grid connection up to 31st December 2012. The availability factor of these NPPs during (January to December) 2012 were; KANUPP (87.41%), C-1 (94.45%) and C-2 (89.53%).

TABLE 7. STATUS AND PERFORMANCE OF NUCLER POWER PLANTS

^* First Concrete Pour

⁽ Target

The first NPP of Pakistan, KANUPP began commercial operation in 1972. Before the completion of design life of KANUPP in 2002, PAEC initiated work on its life extension. Plant monitoring and periodic inspection indicated that major plant equipment including fuel channels, steam generators, steam condensers, turbine generators, primary heat transport pumping, feeders etc. were in good condition.

A project, “Safe operation of KANUPP” (SOK), was undertaken with technical support of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to ensure safe operation by averting plant degradation due to aging, introducing and adopting modern operational practices, and improving the design to some extent. This project later extended to “Improve Safety Features of KANUPP” (ISFK) and finally to “Long term Safety of KANUPP” (LSFK).

Under a comprehensive Balancing, Modernization and Rehabilitation (BMR) project, KANUPP upgraded its conventional equipment, such as Building Chillers, Service Air Compressors, Power Cables, Condenser Tubing, Boiler Cleaning and Rehabilitation etc. KANUPP also undertook the replacement of its obsolete regulating computers, control and instrumentation under the Technological Up-gradation project (TUP), under which most of the critical control and instrumentation loops and computers were replaced.

Various inspections and reviews of KANUPP were carried out after rehabilitation by international experts. On fulfilling the regulatory requirements of PNRA, a license was granted to KANUPP at a reduced power level of 90 MW up to 31st December, 2010. KANUPP operated safely since it was restarted in January 2004.

The plant was shut down on November 20, 2010 for planned maintenance outages. The shutdown period was later extended to June 6, 2011 to carry out license renewal jobs. The major jobs carried out were: Fuel Channel Integrity Assessment (FCIA), habitability of Emergency Control Centre (ECC), Steam generator water lacing and availability of critical safety parameter display system. After completion of the specific jobs, PNRA issued a permit on June 6, 2011 to allow KANUPP operating up to a power level of 98 MW. In May 2013, KANUPP gross capacity was formally de-rated from 137 MW to 100 MW with effect from January 2004.

In response to challenges resulting from the accident at Fukushima Daiichi NPP, the Fukushima Response Action Plan has been prepared at KANUPP. The plan covers improvements and modifications in all important areas of safety concern, including external natural hazards, availability of emergency power, emergency core cooling, containment integrity, fire protection and control, hydrogen hazard, spent fuel pool cooling, emergency operating procedures, severe accident management and offsite emergency preparedness. Most of the studies related to above mentioned areas have been completed.

Work was initiated for acquiring Passive Autocatalytic Re-combiners and Hydrogen Analyzer equipment under the IAEA technical cooperation project on “Ensuring Long Term Safety of KANUPP”.

The Energy Security Plan of Pakistan envisaged construction of 8,800 MW of nuclear power generation capacity by 2030 (GoP: 2005). PAEC strategy for nuclear power programme is development of indigenous capability in NPP technology to reduce dependence on imported plants and fuel, conserve the foreign exchange component and to reduce total cost, by expanding the level of the nation’s industrial and technological base.

The existing and under construction NPPs of Pakistan, KANUPP, C-1, C-2, C-3 and C-4 are turn-key projects. During construction and installation of KANUPP, C-1 and C-2, PAEC has been involved in various project management activities. This experience will help PAEC to manage future NPPs. An Engineering Design Organization (EDO) has been established for providing design and engineering services to the operational and under construction NPPs which will act as Architect Engineer for future NPPs.

KANUPP, C-1 and C-2 have been funded through the Public Sector Development Programme (PSDP) of the Government. The funding for future NPPs will be available from; (i) PSDP allocation for power sector, (ii) income from sale of electricity from operational NPPs and, (iii) export credit from the supplier(s).

The construction, expansion and upgrade of the national electric grid are the responsibilities of NTDC.

PAEC has conducted detailed studies for sites of existing NPPs; KANUPP, C-1 and C-2. These sites meet regulatory requirements of PNRA and can accommodate additional nuclear units. However, more sites are also being investigated for the expanded nuclear power programme.

PAEC, CNNC and PNRA are involved at various phases in construction of NPPs in Pakistan.

PAEC, PNRA, NTDC and NEPRA are involved in the operations of NPPs in Pakistan.

PAEC and PNRA will be involved in decommissioning of NPPs in Pakistan.

PAEC initiated nuclear fuel cycle activities with a modest prospecting programme in the early 1960’s. A number of promising areas were located, some of which are presently being explored. The ore processing plant using indigenous ore is in operation. Essential laboratory facilities have also been set up to support the exploration and ore process development work. Fuel for KANUPP is being fabricated by PAEC.

Appropriate radioactive waste management systems have been designed for KANUPP and CHASNUPP sites to remove radioactive liquid, gaseous and solid wastes arising from the plants. These radioactive waste management systems collect, store, allow sufficient radioactive decay and process the waste through filtration, ion exchange, evaporation, solidification, vitrification and drumming.

A project has been started to develop a spent fuel dry storage facility for extended life of KANUPP. This facility will also provide interim spent fuel storage of future NPPs of this site.

1. Research Institutes/Centers

PAEC has the following research institutes/centers.

1. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH) established for basic and applied research in physics, chemistry, materials, safety, radioisotope applications and radiation protection.

2. Instrumentation, Control and Computers Complex (ICCC) established for Instrumentation and Control of NPPs, simulators, plant computer systems, etc.

3. Engineering Design Organization (EDO) has been established for providing design and engineering services to the operational, under construction and future NPPs.

1. Research Reactor Facilities

   Pakistan has two research reactors:

1. PARR-1, Swimming Pool type, 10 MW.

2. PARR-2, Tank in Pool type, 30 kW.

Pakistan is a member of IAEA forum on Innovative Nuclear Reactors and Fuel Cycles (INPRO) and is participating in activities of INPRO since its inception.

Pakistan is a member of IAEA, World Association of Nuclear Operators (WANO) and Candu Owners Group (COG) and is getting assistance from their programmes for enhancement of safety and reliability of NPPs.

IAEA Operational Safety Review Team (OSART) missions to KANUPP were conducted in 1985 and 1989. WANO Peer Reviews of KANUPP were conducted in 1994, 1996, 2000, 2010 and 2013. IAEA OSART mission to C-1 was conducted in 2004 and 2006. WANO Peer Review of C-1 was conducted in 2006 and 2012. WANO pre-startup Peer Review of C-2 was conducted in July 2010 and follow-up in November 2010. The recommendations of these missions were very beneficial for improving safety and performance of the NPPs.

PAEC has been making a significant contribution to development of human resource in the field of science and technology in the country, in particular, in applications of nuclear science and technology. The following HRD institutes of PAEC turn out young scientists and engineers from various disciplines every year with award of post-graduate degrees and training certificates/diplomas:

1. Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS) offers Master and Ph.D. degree programmes in nuclear engineering, systems engineering, process engineering, materials engineering, mechanical engineering, medical physics, laser, plasma & computational physics, computer science, nuclear medicine and radiation & medical oncology. PIEAS also offers BS programs in electrical and mechanical engineering. Besides the degree programmes, PIEAS also conducts training courses in various specialized areas. Some recently conducted courses are: Longterm Demand Forecasting and Projection Techniques, CAD using Creo Parametric, Hospital Management of Irradiated/Contaminated Patients, and Nuclear Reactor Thermal Hydraulics. Management courses for both young and senior officials are also being conducted by this institute.

2. Karachi Institute of Power Engineering (KINPOE) offers Master’s Degree in nuclear power engineering and one year diploma in nuclear technology to engineering and science graduates. It also offers a post-diploma programme in nuclear technology for technicians.

3. CHASNUPP Centre of Nuclear Training (CHASCENT) provides one year training in NPP technology to engineers and technicians. It also provides post diploma training programmes to technicians. The retraining of plant operation personnel is being conducted in this centre on regular basis to refresh their knowledge and licensing requirements.

4. National Centre for Non-Destructive Testing (NCNDT) provides training in non-destructive testing techniques to engineers and technicians of PAEC and industry.

5. The Pakistan Welding Institute (PWI) provides training in industrial welding techniques to professionals of PAEC and industry.

6. The School of Mineral Technology (SMT) is providing training in the field of drilling, mining, logging and prospecting of minerals.

PAEC has well established communication with IAEA, PNRA and NEPRA.

Nuclear regulatory matters are overseen by the PNRA, established through a Presidential Ordinance of 22nd January 2001 (GoP: 2001). PNRA is empowered to devise, adopt, make and enforce regulations and orders for nuclear safety and radiation protection to all types of nuclear installations and nuclear substances.

PNRA issues licenses for the nuclear installations and production, storage, disposal, trade and use of nuclear substances and radioactive materials. The license may be issued on application made to the Authority, accompanied by prescribed fees, relevant information and documents, as required by regulations.

1. Pakistan Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection Regulations, 1990.

2. Regulation for Licensing of Nuclear Installations in Pakistan (PAK/909), Revision 1, 2012.

3. Regulation on the Safety of Nuclear Power Plant-Design (PAK/911), 2002.

4. Regulation on the Safety of Nuclear Power Plants-Quality Assurance (PAK/912), 2003.

5. Regulations on Radiation Protection (PAK/904), 2004.

6. Regulations on the Safety of Nuclear Power Plants Operation (PAK/913), 2004.

7. Regulations on Radioactive Waste Management (PAK/915), 2005.

8. Trade Policy 2005-06, Ministry of Commerce, Import and Export Policy and Import and Export Control Act, 2005.

9. Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material (PAK/916), 2007.

10. Regulations on the Safety of Nuclear Installations-Site Evaluation (PAK/910), 2008.

11. Regulations on Management of a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency (PAK/914), 2008.

12. Regulations for Licensing of Nuclear Safety Class Equipment and Component Manufacturers (PAK/907), 2008.

13. Regulations on Licensing Fee by Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority (PAK/900), 2008.

14. Pakistan Nuclear Regularity Authority Enforcement Regulations (PAK/950), 2010.

15. Regulations on the Safety of Nuclear Research Reactors Operation (PAR/923), 2012.

After the promulgation of the Pakistan Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection Ordinance in 1984, and the Pakistan Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection Regulations in 1990, preparation of regulatory documents started in 1990. The first document, prepared in 1990, was the "Procedure for Licensing of NPPs in Pakistan", which provides the basis for the licensing of NPPs in Pakistan. Similarly, "Procedure for Licensing of Research Reactors in Pakistan" was prepared in 1991.

(AEDB, 2013), Alternative Energy Development Board website http://www.aedb.org, accessed on April 10, 2013.

(GoP: 1978), Energy Data Book, Energy Resources Cell, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, 1978.

(GoP: 2001), The Gazette of Pakistan, Islamabad, January 22, 2001.

(GoP: 2005), Medium Term Development Framework 2005-2010, Planning Commission, Government of Pakistan, May 2005.

(GoP: 2012), Pakistan Economic Survey 2011-12 and earlier issues, Economic Adviser’s Wing, Finance Division, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan, 2012.

(HDIP: 2012), Pakistan Energy Yearbook 2012 and earlier issues, Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan, 2013.

(NEPRA: 2012), State of Industry Report 2012, National Electric Power Regulatory Authority.

(WAPDA: 2011), Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority, Hydro Potential in Pakistan, November 2011.

Pakistan became a Member State of the IAEA on 2 May 1957 and has actively participated in the Agency's activities. Pakistan has benefited from the IAEA's Technical Assistance and Co-operation Programme (TACP), and has also provided training to many scientists and engineers from other developing countries through TACP.

Agreements with the IAEA

Project/Supply Related Safeguards Agreements

Unilateral Safeguards Submissions

Other Agreements

Other Relevant International Conventions/Arrangements etc.

APPENDIX 2: MAIN ORGANIZATIONS, INSTITUTIONS AND COMPANIES INVOLVED IN NUCLEAR POWER RELATED ACTIVITIES