FIG.1. Location of Spanish NPPs

Nuclear generation amounted to 55,103 million kWh in 2007, which has meant an 8.3% decrease with regard to the previous year. Likewise, Load and Operation Factors have decreased to 81.3% and 83.37% respectively, moving away from the 90% mark where they used to be at. These figures are essentially shaped by two refuelling outages which were excessively drawn out due to the complications that arose in two far-reaching activities that were expected to be carried out in Cofrentes and Vandellós II.

Additionally, in 2007 all plants have had outages save one (Almaraz I, which has had an excellent performance throughout the year). Consequently, both planned and unplanned energy capability loss factors have risen to 10.88% and 6.79%, clearly greater than those of the preceding year. With all this, the unit capability factor was 82.33% as against 89.06% of the previous year.

There have been 13 unplanned shutdowns in Spanish nuclear power plants as a whole compared to the 23 of 2006; thus a substantial improvement is appreciated in this sense. Of these 13 shutdowns, 8 have been unplanned scrams and 5 have been carried out by operators following normal shutdown procedures. None of these shutdowns has had any impact on the safety of the facilities or on the radiological protection of the operating personnel, the public or the environment. Thus, shutdown ratios per reactor and year have improved, hitting very low values (0.62 unplanned manual shutdowns/reactor·year and 1.00 scrams/reactor·year).

On 4th of July of 2006, Nuclenor submitted the application for the 10-year renewal of the Santa María de Garoña NPP operating license to the Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade. This is a perceptive administrative procedure contemplated in the Operating License in force. The Ministry has transferred the documentation attached to the application to the Nuclear Safety Council for elaboration of the corresponding technical binding report.

The Vandellós I NPP is cancelled since 1990, in January 1998 Ministry of Industry and Energy authorized activities of plant dismantling. From year 2003, the plant is in latency period: the non-released parts of the site will remain under the responsibility and surveillance of ENRESA. This situation will be maintained for 25 years, a period during which the radiological activity of the internal structures of the reactor box will decay approximately 5% of the initial value.

On completion of the latency period, around year 2028, the last level dismantling will begin, this including removal of the reactor box and its internals and the complete release of the site

Since the beginning of May 2006, José Cabrera NPP remains shutdown in compliance with the Order of the Ministry of Economic Affairs of October 2002 which set 30th April 2006 as the date of permanent shutdown of the plant. Operations for decontamination of the plant primary circuit were carried out in November and December 2006.

On December 15^th, the Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade authorised Union Fenosa Generación  to implement and erect the modification of the spent fuel storage system to incorporate an Individual Temporary Storage (ATI in Spanish). The construction of the ATI is already finished and the expected date for completing the transport of the spent fuel casks from pools to ATI is April of 2009.

2.3.    Nuclear power development/Launching first nuclear power project (NOT APPLICABLE)

2.4.     Suppliers of NPPs

The Spanish Engineering Companies which play the main role in the National Nuclear Sector are Empresarios Agrupados, Initec, Inypsa and Sener. These companies have collaborated solely or in consortium with others in launching the first generation NPPs and in successive projects, increasing progressively the nuclear installed capacity. The first NPPs were carried out as turn-key projects and only in the following projects were local engineering companies involved. The scope of each project has been different, having the engineering companies focused on different activities such as design, licensing, procurement operations and collaboration in start-up and in tests. At this moment, as there are no NPPs under construction, these Architect Engineers companies have concentrated on operational support, shutdown and decommissioning of NPPs, research and development and radioactive waste engineering activities.

The main Spanish NSSS manufacturer is ENSA (Equipos Nucleares, S.A.), which designs, produces and inspects NPPs primary circuit equipment and components. Its manufacturing plant is located in Maliaño (Cantabria). This company is State owned through the Sociedad Estatal de Participaciones Industriales (SEPI), which controls 100% of its shares. ENSA is also constructing double purpose casks, called ENSA-DPT, to store and/or transport up to 21 PWR KWU spent fuel assemblies.

ENSA has provided primary circuit equipment’s as steam generators, reactor vessels, etc. and components to the second and third generation Spanish NPPs and has exported to several countries as: Germany, Argentina, United Kingdom, India, United States of America, Belgium and others.

The last NPPs built in Spain enclosed a large range of domestically made equipment and components. The following list of national manufacturers aims to be useful and includes only the main companies.

Turbines: Eumynsa, Tamoin Power Services

Pumps: Chepro, Amara Vorkauf

Air compressor: Abrasivos y Maquinaria

Valves: Masoneilan, Ringo Válvulas.

Electric equipments: Cantarey Reinosa, Gamesa Energía.

Instrumentation & Control: Indra Sistemas, TSI.

   2.5.     Organizations engaged in operation of NPPs

   The following table shows the different operators of Spanish NPP.

There are several companies who offer operational services in the nuclear sector, as TECNATOM, LAINSA, ENWESA and NUSIM. TECNATOM provides training services to operational personnel of NPPs. It has PWR and BWR simulators. TECNATOM has also carried out several in service inspection and maintenance activities giving support to the Spanish NPPs. LAINSA, ENWESA and NUSIM are focusing on maintenance and operational support to NPPs, quality assurance, radiological protection and various activities.

 2. 6. Fuel Cycle and Waste Management

The front end of the nuclear fuel cycle is understood to include the processes relating to the production of nuclear energy, among them the acquisition and application of the nuclear materials used in operating nuclear reactors.  In the case of front end activities developed in Spain, this includes the manufacturing of fuel assemblies. 

ENUSA Industrias Avanzadas operates a nuclear fuel manufacturing plant located in Juzbado (Salamanca) that produces fuel elements for most PWRs and BWRs in Spain and for some reactors in Sweden, Germany, France, Finland, Belgium and USA.

In 2007, 821 fuel assemblies were manufactured, 517 PWR assemblies and 304 BWR assemblies, which in all are equivalent to 264.7 tons of uranium; of these, 23% have for the national market and 52% for other countries.

Due to the Uranium lower market price, the ENUSA mining activities in Saelices el Chico (Salamanca) stopped at the end of 2000. The Uranium concentrates from ENUSA comes from COMINAK and from several foreign companies. COMINAK is a company from Niger, owned by several foreign companies including ENUSA, which holds 10% of its shares.

There are no Uranium conversion and enrichment plants in Spain. ENUSA owns 11% of Eurodif, European consortium with enrichment factories in France. ENUSA has signed several contracts with companies abroad for Uranium conversion and enrichment activities.

ENRESA (Empresa Nacional de Residuos Radiactivos, S.A.), the State owned company, was set up in 1984 and is in charge of the radioactive waste management activities and the dismantling of nuclear installations. Its duties are as follows:

• Radioactive waste treatment and conditioning.
• Searching for locations, design, construction and operation of interim and final storage centres for high, medium and low level radioactive wastes.
• Management of the different operations related to the decommissioning of nuclear and radioactive installations.
• To establish systems for collecting, transferring and transporting radioactive wastes.
• To give support to civil protection services in case of nuclear emergencies.
• Final and safe conditioning of wastes derived from the mining and milling processes.
• Assuring of the long-term management of every radioactive waste storage facility.
• To carry out the appropriate technical and economic studies, considering the deferred costs and to outline the proper economic policy.

ENRESA has a medium and low-level and radioactive waste storage installation located in El Cabril, Córdoba. In 1998 the Parliamentary Commission for Industry and Energy approved a resolution urging the Government to initiate the actions required for Spain to develop the capacity to dispose of very low level waste On the 21^st of July 2008, the Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade authorised the operation of the first cell.

On June23rd 2006 the Spanish Government approved the 6th General Radioactive Waste Plan.The basic reference scenario of the 6th GRWP may be summarized as follows:

- Current nuclear fleet with 6 NPP’s in operation (8 reactors). The installed electrical power as of 31/12/2005, 7,876 MWe, was reduced to 7,716 MWe as a result of the definitive shutdown of José Cabrera NPP on 30/04/2006.

- 40 years service lifetime for the 6 operating NPP’s with a production rate similar to that existing at present.

- Open fuel cycle; i.e., the option of reprocessing the spent fuel is not contemplated.

- Total dismantling (Level 3) of the light water NPP’s, to be initiated 3 years after their definitive shutdown.

On the basis of all the above, the total volume of radioactive waste to be managed in Spain, conditioned and ready for definitive disposal at the ENRESA installations at El Cabril, will be some 176,300 m3 In the case of the LILW, this also includes those wastes that in view of their very low levels of activity may be managed specifically (VLLW). Furthermore, the volume of wastes not open to disposal at El Cabril would amount, following encapsulation, to some 12,800 m3, some 10,000 m3 of which would be spent fuel (6,674 tU) and the rest other intermediate or high level wastes from reprocessing or the dismantling of the NPP’s.

In terms of High Level Wastes (HLW), in the next few years it will be necessary to have available sufficient temporary storage capacity, most of these needs converging on the period 2009 – 2014.

With regard to definitive management, it should be pointed out that in Spain work has been on-going since 1985 on the deep geological disposal option, in 4 basic areas:

- Site Selection Plan (SSP), which was paralysed in 1996 and that has provided sufficient information to ensure the existence in the Spanish sub-soil of an abundance of granite and clay, and to a lesser extent saline, formations capable of housing a definitive disposal installation, these being widely distributed geographically.

- Performance of conceptual designs for a definitive disposal facility in each of the aforementioned lithologies, searching for the maximum convergence (points in common) between them.

- Performance of Safety Assessment exercises with respect to the conceptual designs, integrating the know-how achieved through the works and projects performed on the basis of the successive R&D Plans, these underlining the fact that deep geological disposal facilities allow the safety and quality criteria applicable to this type of installations to be met.

- The R&D Plans that have evolved and adapted to the Spanish SF/HLW management programme. These plans have allowed technical knowledge to be acquired and national working teams to be trained in the development of the definitive disposal option, participating in international research projects and in demonstration projects in overseas underground laboratories.

The basic Spanish strategy in this field focuses on the temporary storage of spent fuel and HLW on the basis of a dry storage system guaranteeing the safety and protection of people and the environment over the time periods required for their definitive or very long term management.

Specifically, the solution proposed, in view of the analyses performed from the technical, strategic and economical points of view, is based on the availability of a vault type Centralised Temporary Storage (CTS) facility whose operating period would be some 60 years. From the point of view of economic calculation and planning, it has been assumed that a definitive disposal facility could be put into operation around the year 2050, which would house the spent fuel, the HLW and those other intermediate activity wastes that cannot be sent to the El Cabril facility.

The 23rd of June 2006  the government of Spain approved the establishment of an Interministerial Commission to oversee the development of a centralised interim storage facility for HLW guaranteeing that the process comply with the principles of  transparency, publicity and concurrence. This Commission is supported by a Technical Committee. The chosen site would also host a high-level technology centre.

2.7.  Research and Development

The Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade, in collaboration with the Nuclear Safety Council (CSN), the electricity industry and other agents involved in the nuclear sector, has set up in 2007 a Technology Platform on Fission Nuclear Energy (CEIDEN), in order to coordinate the different national programs and plans on R&D and foster also the participation of Spanish companies or institutions in international R&D programs. The five main programs that CEIDEN is working on are:

            - Dry storage and transport of spent fuel

            - Study and use of materials coming from José Cabrera NPP

            - Jules Horowitz Reactor iniciative

            - Advanced Reactors

            - Radiological Protection: internal dosimetry.

The Ministry of Science and Innovation elaborates each four years a Research and Development National Plan which defines the R&D policy. On the 12th of July 2007, the R&D National Plan 2008-2011 was approved by the Interministerial Commission on Science and Technology. Nuclear Energy is included in the Energy Sector.

CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas) is an institution under on the Ministry of Science and Innovation. One of its duties is nuclear research. It collaborates with several institutions in Spain and abroad.

In the ENRESAS´s 2004-2008 R&D program, there are four main areas of work that deal with:

- waste technology

- interim storage facility of spent fuel

- long-term evolution and assessment

- installations support.

The Nuclear Safety Council develops a five-year R&D Plan (2003-2007). This plan includes a number of projects which are undertaken in collaboration with different national and international organisations, among which special mention might be made of the Spanish universities, public centres and companies. The current CSN’s Five Years Research Plan includes the following lines or programmes:

-          spent fuel

-          primary circuit pressure barrier

-          containment integrity

-          Probabilistic safety analysis and human resources

-          Radiological Protection

-          Radiological Impact Assessment and Decreasing

-          safe management of HLW and Spent Fuel

-          Advanced Nuclear Power Plants

About the R&D programs dealing with Advanced Reactors see previous and next Section

In Spain there is no implementation plan on advanced nuclear technologies

Spain, as member of the European Union, carries out most of its international activities within that framework. In the EU the most important programmes are R&D Framework Programme (see Council Decision of 18 Dec 2006 concerning the 7th FP of Euratom) and the

Community Action Plan, as well as programmes for technical assistance to the countries of Eastern and Central Europe, mainly PHARE and TACIS. Spain participates in the Chernobyl Shelter Implementation Plan and is Member of the Contributor Assembly Fund established in EBRD (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development).

Spain is one of the 28 members of the International Project on Innovative Nuclear Reactors and Fuel Cycles (INPRO), whose objective is to support the safe, sustainable, economic and proliferation-resistant use of nuclear technology to meet the global energy needs of the 21st century.

On Sept 2007, an European Technology Platform on Sustainable Nuclear Energy was launched. This platform should include the most important and innovative companies and other organisations working on nuclear energy in Europe, and represent a balance of expert knowledge and stake-holder interests (industry, utilities, research organisations, universities, public bodies). It should establish a Strategic Research Agenda for developing technologies, taking into account users’ requirements as well as safety considerations

Moreover, Spain participates in the programmes of Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA/OECD) and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

2.8. Human Resources Development

The Spanish Nuclear Sector generates 9000 direct employments (3500 of which are superior) and about 10000 indirect employments. The stimated average age of employers is 45-50 years, so next years a renewal of at least half of the workers will be needed.

Nowadays in Spain the specific nuclear postgraduate training is given to 100-150 people.

The Universidad Politécnica de Madrid in collaboration with Tecnatom, gives a Master on Electric Generation Technologies. The fifth part of this Degree is about nuclear energy subject.

The CIEMAT, which has a wide experience in training on nuclear energy, is developing together with Universidad Autónoma de Madrid the Master Degree on Nuclear Technology: Fission, Fusion and Nuclear Medicine.

Finally, In order to contribute to ensuring that NPP and other industrial facilities have optimally qualified operations, maintenance, engineering and technical support personnel whose performance serve to improve safety, availability and economic efficiency, TECNATOM provides overall training services in the following fields:

- Process technology

- Operation and maintenance

- Materials, non-destructive testing

- Human factors

- Management skills.

3. NATIONAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS

3.1. Main National Laws and Regulations in Nuclear Power

-          Law 25/1964 on Nuclear Energy (Ley 25/1964 sobre Energía Nuclear, de 29 de abril) as amended. This Law has been developed by the Royal Decree 1836/1999 for Nuclear and Radioactive Facilities Regulation and by the Royal Decree 783/2001, which formulates the Regulation of Sanitary Protection against Ionised Radiation, and substitutes the previous one, in force since 1992. Nuclear and Radioactive Facilities Regulation (Royal Decree 1836/1999 ) has been amended by Royal Decree 35/2008 approved on Januaryr 18^th  2008.

-          El Consejo de Seguridad Nuclear (Nuclear Safety Council) was established by Law 15/1980, of April 22, and a Royal Decree defined the status of its employees. From this time several acts and regulations have amended some of the initial provisions, particularly Law 14/1999 governing Public Tariffs and Prices for its services. The Law 15/1980 has been amended by Law 33/2007 in order to take into account: the acquired experience during the last years, add all the amendments from 1980, adapt it to the increasing social sensibility related to environment, add the required mechanisms that manage to guarantee the effective independence and reinforce both transparency and efficiency of such Council.

The provisions related with nuclear fuel cycle, initially contained in a Royal Decree of 1979, are at present covered by different legal texts.  Royal Decree 1464/1999 governs the front-end of nuclear fuel cycle and tends to liberalize the supplies, according to Law 54/1997 on the Electric Sector

Several Acts and Decrees are applicable to the back end of the fuel cycle. This regulation started in 1983 with Ministerial Order providing that percentage of electric bill shall be deducted of electricity price to create a fund for covering the costs of the various activities that this back implies. In 1984, the Empresa Nacional de Residuos Radiactivos, S. A. (ENRESA), the company in charge of these activities was created. Other regulations that have developed the way and means that ENRESA shall follow and apply to finance its activities with the fund are:

• Royal Decree 1349/2003 of 31st October, on regulation of ENRESA activities and funding.
• Electricity Industry Act 54/1997 of 27th November.

— Additional provision four, section 2: Definition of radioactive waste and coverage.

• Royal Decree Act 5/2005 of 11th March, on urgent productivity promotion reforms and Government procurements improvement, which under section twenty-five provides the new wording for additional provision six of the Electricity Industry Act, Law 54/1997 of 27th November, with regard to the Fund for financing of General Radioactive Waste Plan activities.

This additional provision six of the Electricity Industry Act was modified by Law 33/2007 of November 7 2007,  that amends Law 15/1980, of April 22

• Productivity Promotion Reforms Act 24/2005 of 18th November.

— Section eight. Formation of State Business Entity,  ENRESA,  responsible for management of radioactive waste

Within the back-end regulation, the Royal Decree 775/2006 of 23 April 2006 establishes the Inter-ministerial Commission, following the Recommendations of the Congress, whose role is to develop the site selection process, including the criteria for evaluating potential sites for a Centralized Temporary Storage facility (CTS) for the dry storage of spent fuel and high level waste until a long-term waste management facility is available.

The civil liability for nuclear damage is ruled in accordance with the principles on International Conventions in this field in which Spain is Contracting Party (Paris and Brussels Conventions). In year 2004, these Conventions were modified. In order to adapt these modifications to Spanish regulation on this item, the following measures have been taken:

-    Spanish Parliament and Senate have approved these modifications in November 2005. The actual civil liability for nuclear damage regulation, Section VII of Law 25/1964 on Nuclear Energy, is being reviewed to take into account the modifications of Paris and Brussels Conventions, so a new Act on civil liability will be made.

-    According to the new text of Article 57 Law 25/1964 on Nuclear Energy  (given by Law  17/2007) the amount imposed to operators to cover the civil liability is of 700  millions Euros. A lower limit can be imposed by the Ministry of Industry and Energy to installations and transports of lower risk, provided that the amount was not less than 30 millions euros. Regardless of this, a Royal Decree will be made to take into account the civil liability for nuclear environmental damage in Spanish territory until the new Law on civil liability will be approved.

3.2. Regulatory authority and the licensing process

With regard to nuclear energy, the Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade and the Nuclear Safety Council are the main government authorities.

The main tasks and duties of the Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade are:

•  to dictate norms and rules;
•  grant licenses for:

− nuclear & radioactive installations

responsibility of regional authorities;

− transport of radioactive materials;

− nuclear materials commerce/trading.

•  to suspend permits, in some specific cases;
•  power to sanction the law transgressions;
•  to propose the radioactive waste policy.
• to follow up the complying of international commitments as non proliferation, physical protection or civil liability.
• to manage the Administrative Registers on Nuclear items

The Nuclear Safety Council is the competent Organization in matters of nuclear safety and radiation protection. The Council is formed by 5 Members which are designated by the Government through a proposal of the Minister of Industry, Tourism and Trade. They must be accepted by a 3/5 majority of Parliament.

      .         to issue the perceptive Safety Reports, previous to the authorization by Minister of Industry, Tourism and Trade

·         to carry out all kind of inspections with capability to suspend the activity in case of a risk;

·         to propose to the Government norms and rules concerning nuclear safety and radiological protection;

·         to propose to the Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade sanctions in matters of nuclear safety and radiation protection;

·         to grant licenses for operators of nuclear and radioactive installations;

·         to inform the public about subjects of its competence;

·         to report every year to the Parliament about its activities

The nuclear installation licensing procedure in Spain is regulated by the Law 25/1964 on Nuclear Energy as amended. The provisions of this Law have been developed by Royal Decree 1836/1999

• Siting authorization: it is a formal acknowledge of the purpose and the location submitted;

• Construction authorization: it permits to start up the construction of the installation;

• Operation authorization: it permits to introduce nuclear fuel in the plant and to operate the

plant.

Also for plant dismantling and plant modification, an authorization is required prior to begin of the activity. Figure 2 shows the nuclear installation licensing procedure. These authorizations and permissions are granted by the Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade, under previous and perceptive report referring to nuclear safety and radiological protection issued by the CSN (Nuclear Safety Council). This report is binding in case of authorization denying, as same as its requirements if there exist. Before granting a construction authorization, the project must de submitted for an environmental appraisal to the Ministry of Environment. As a consequence of this analysis, the project can be yield to certain requirements.

To obtain theses authorizations and permissions, the documents determined in the current regulations must be submitted to the licensing authorities and the suitable tests, analyses and validations must be performed. Nuclear installations require authorizations granted by other administrative bodies, belonging to local administrations, according the rules of these bodies. Before granting the siting authorization, a 30 days period is established for public hearings. During this period anyone can present allegations.

FIG. 2. Licensing of nuclear installations.

REFERENCES

[1] España Anuario Estadístico (varios años). Instituto Nacional de Estadística.

[2] IMF World Economic Outlook Database 

[3] Boletín Estadístico de Hidrocarburos (En 2008)

[4] La energía en España (2001,2006 y 2007) Ministerio de Industria Turismo y Comercio.

[5] IAEA Energy and Economic Data Base (EEDB).

[6] Sixth General Radioactive Waste Plan (June 2006)

[7] IAEA Power Reactor Information System (PRIS).

[8] Spanish Power Nuclear Power Plants in 2007-UNESA

Appendix 1

INTERNATIONAL, MULTILATERAL AND BILATERAL AGREEMENTS

In 1985, Spain adhered to the Treaties that constitute the European Communities and in the first

January 1986 Spain became a European Communities Member State. From this moment, international and national legislation applicable in Spain is accomplished according to the rules of the European Union.

Moreover, Spain is a Member State of the IAEA and of the OECD/NEA, whose Constitutive Treaties, Conventions and additional Treaties have been ratified.
 

Appendix 2

MAIN ORGANIZATIONS, INSTITUTIONS AND COMPANIES INVOLVED IN NUCLEAR POWER RELATED ACTIVITIES

 NATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AUTHORITY

Ministerio de Industria Turismo y Comercio                          Tel: +34 902 446006

Paseo de la Castellana 160                                               Fax: +34 91 4578066

E-28046 Madrid                                                               www.mityc.es                                                        

Consejo de Seguridad Nuclear (CSN)                                   Tel:  +34 91 3460100

Nuclear safety and radiological protection                             Fax:  +34 91 3460588

Justo Dorado, 11                                                              www.csn.es

E-28040 Madrid                                                                 

MAIN POWER UTILITIES

Trillo 1                                                                             www.cnat.es

Vandellós II                                                                      www.anav.es

Almaraz                                                                           www.cnat.es

Ascó                                                                               www.anav.es

Santa María de Garoña                                                       www.nuclenor.org

OTHER NUCLEAR ORGANIZATIONS

CIEMAT

Research and development centre                                         Tel.: +34-91-3466000

Avenida de la Complutense, 22                                              Fax: +34-91-3466005

E-28040 Madrid                                                                  www.ciemat.es

UNESA

Asociación Española de la Industria Eléctrica                           Tel.:  +34 91 5674900

Francisco Gervás, 3                                                             Fax:  +34 91-5674988

28020 Madrid                                                                      www.unesa.es

TECNATOM, S.A.

Service inspection and maintenance                                      Tel.: +34 91 659 8600

Avda. Montes de Oca, 1                                                      Fax:  +34 91 659 8677

28703 San Sebastián de los Reyes (MADRID)                            www.tecnatom.es

EMPRESARIOS AGRUPADOS A.I.E.                                          Tel.:  +34-91-3098000

Architect-Engineering                                                          Fax:  +34-91 591 26 55

Magallanes, 3                                                                     www.empre.es

28015 Madrid                                                                     

ENRESA

Back-end of the fuel cycle                                                   Tel.:  +34-91-5668100

Emilio Vargas, 7                                                                  Fax:  +34-91-5668169

28043 Madrid                                                                      www.enresa.es

ENUSA

Front-end of the fuel cycle                                                    Tel.:  +34-91-3474200

Santiago Rusiñol, 12                                                              Fax:  +34-91-3474215

28040 Madrid                                                                      www.enusa.es

The EURATOM-CIEMAT

Association for fusion (Spain)                                                 www-fusion.ciemat.es

Nuclear Engineering Department

Polytechnic University of Madrid                                              www.din.upm.es

Iberdrola                                                                             www.iberdrola.es

Endesa                                                                               www.endesa.es

Unión FENOSA                                                                      www.unionfenosa.es

Spanish Nuclear Industrial Forum                                             www.foronuclaer.org

Spanish Nuclear Society (SNE)                                                www.sne.es