EGYPT
(Last update July 2009)
1. GENERAL INFORMATION
1.1 Country overview
1.1.1 Governmental System
1.1.2 Geography and Climate
The total area of
The entire Egyptian Mediterranean coastal region, from Sallum in the west to Rafah in the east, shares essentially similar climate. The greater part of the annual rainfall is confined to a few rainstorms occurring in the mid winter months. On the rainless days, the winter climate is mostly warm, sunny and frost free. During the transitional spring and autumn months, there are few days with light rain, marked seasonal changes in temperature and, to a lesser extent, changes in humidity and cloudiness. There is no rain during the summer.
1.1.3 Population
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Average annual Growth rate (%) |
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|
|
1970 |
1980 |
1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
2008 |
2000 to2008 |
|
Population (millions) |
35.3 |
40.5 |
51.9 |
64.8 |
71.3 |
76.0 |
2.0 |
|
Population Density (inhabitants/ Km2) |
35.5 |
40.7 |
52.1 |
65.0 |
71.6 |
76.3 |
|
|
Urban population as % of total |
42.2 |
43.9 |
43.5 |
42.5 |
42.3 |
42.6 |
|
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Area (1000 Km2) |
995.5 |
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1.1.4 Economic Data
Prior to 1952, the Egyptian economy was largely based on irrigation
agriculture, using water from the
The Egyptian economy maintained robust growth momentum
during the past three fiscal years, with real GDP growth averaging 7 percent
during 2005/06-2007/08. Among the principal stimulants of
As a result the rate of these changes, the gross domestic product (GDP) and the GDP/capita has registered sharp ups and downs. The average rate of growth was 5.46% annually during the period 1980-2000.
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Average annual growth rate (%) |
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1970 |
1980 |
1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
2008 |
2000 -08 |
|
GDP (millions of current US$) |
12343.3 |
23377 |
39812.7 |
60732.1 |
103775.9 |
152905.2 |
5.94 |
|
GDP (millions of constant 2000 US$) |
20330.1 |
38503.3 |
65573.9 |
99838.5 |
166041.4 |
244648.3 |
|
|
GDP per capita (current US$) |
349.7 |
577.0 |
767.1 |
940.0 |
1451.4 |
2012.0 |
|
1.2 Energy Information
1.2.1 Estimated Available Energy
TABLE 3. ESTIMATED AVAILABLE ENERGY SOURCES
|
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Estimated available energy sources |
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Fossil Fuels |
Nuclear |
Renewable |
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|
|
Solid(1) |
Liquid(2) |
Gas(3) |
Uranium(4) |
Hydro(5) |
Other Renewable(6) |
|
Total amount in specific units(*) |
21 |
540.5 |
2.05 |
N/A |
2.77 |
7.5 |
|
Total amount in Exajoule (EJ) |
0.464 |
23.24 |
76.85 |
|
0.054 |
0.073 |
1.2.2 Energy Statistics
|
|
Annual Average |
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|
|
1970 |
1980 |
1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
2008 |
2000 - 2008 |
|
Total Energy Production |
0.29 |
0.69 |
1.27 |
2.28 |
2.73 |
3.98 |
8.0 |
|
Solids |
0.01 |
0.02 |
0.04 |
0.03 |
0.04 |
0.04 |
0.0 |
|
Liquids |
0.23 |
0.54 |
0.78 |
1.23 |
1.27 |
1.49 |
2.5 |
|
Gases |
< 0.01 |
0.06 |
0.26 |
0.78 |
1.17 |
2.21 |
17.25 |
|
Nuclear |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
|
Hydro |
0.02 |
0.04 |
0.04 |
0.05 |
0.06 |
0.05 |
0.0 |
|
Other Renewable |
0.03 |
0.03 |
0.16 |
0.19 |
0.19 |
0.19 |
0.0 |
|
Total Final Energy Consumption |
0.1 |
0.28 |
0.62 |
1.71 |
1.9 |
3.4 |
11.25 |
|
Solids |
0.01 |
0.03 |
0.05 |
0.23 |
0.23 |
0.23 |
0.0 |
|
Liquids |
0.06 |
0.18 |
0.27 |
0.73 |
0.72 |
1.4 |
31.5 |
|
Gases |
< 0.01 |
0.03 |
0.04 |
0.33 |
0.43 |
1.53 |
35 |
|
Nuclear |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
|
Hydro |
0.02 |
0.04 |
0.04 |
0.05 |
0.06 |
0.05 |
0.0 |
|
Other Renewable |
0.03 |
0.03 |
0.16 |
0.19 |
0.19 |
0.19 |
0.0 |
|
Net Energy Balance (Import- Export) |
0.19 |
0.41 |
0.65 |
0.57 |
0.83 |
0.58 |
2.5 |
1.2.3 Energy Policy
Several actions was taken institutionally, legislatively, and organizationally, Egypt was organize the supreme energy consul headed by prime minister to supervise and mange and approve all the activities related the energy strategies and plans since 1975, and it was reassembly a year 2007, currently the supreme energy consul is approved several actions such as:
- 20% renewable energy share on energy mix at year 2020, the incentives legislative and policies related to encaging the private sector participation to invest in this subject
- directed the governmental sector to take the necessary action improve the energy efficiency and energy saving,
- develop the energy strategy for
- develop the policy increasing the activity of increase the oil and gas reserves and production and related policies of using optimization
- investigate the friability of nuclear option
During the last seven years,
the Government of Egypt implemented a successful strategy to monetize its
natural resources. The achievements of this strategy include a significant
increase in the country’s proven gas reserves; signing of over eighty concession
agreements with international oil and gas companies (IOCs); an expansion of the
country’s domestic hydrocarbon infrastructure; an impressive development of a
gas export infrastructure (cross-border gas pipelines and liquefied natural gas
(LNG) complexes) to boost Egypt’s foreign earnings; and an on-going
restructuring of the hydrocarbon industry. However, recent local, regional and
global transformations in the energy scene have resulted in a series of
challenges that are affecting the whole energy sector with significant
implications for
A gradual and transparent reduction of energy price subsidies should be implemented in line with the overall national economic development goals. Principally, subsidy should be targeted to selected end users based on economic and social factors and not to commodities.
A recent decision by the Egyptian cabinet to allow companies to export gas has encouraged more deals with foreign energy companies. Export of natural gas has begun at July 2003.
Furthermore, the government is trying to discourage domestic consumption of petroleum to free up oil to generate export revenues. Oil -fired power plants have been converted to run on natural gas.
Several regulatory body of energy sectors was created or currently under process monitoring managing and the relation between the parties of energy activities
The government of
1.3 The Electricity System
1.3.1 Electricity Policy and Decision Making Process
Fig.1. shows that the mix of the electrical energy generated in 2008 by Egyptian Electricity Sector:
Fig. 1 Total Electricity Generation in 2008
Due to the effect of the
draught conditions existing in Africa and its impact on the hydro power
potential of
1.3.2 Structure of Electric Power Sector
The ministry of electricity and Energy is the focal point for seven different authorities including: The Egyptian Electricity Holding Company (EEHC), Rural Electrification Authority (REA), Hydro Power Projects Execution Authority, Atomic Energy Authority, Nuclear Power Plants Authority (NPPA), Nuclear Materials Authority, and new and renewable Energy Authority.
The Egyptian electric system was developed along 40 years as unified grid, it caver more than 99% the customers, right now 99.3% of the Egyptian population have access to the electricity, the number of consumer is over 21 millions. The transmission line level is started from extra high voltage 500 kV, it is almost cover the urban area, the secondary levels are 220, 132, 66 and 33 kV , with total lengths of the overnight lines and underground cables are almost 40k km, with station transformers are exceed 70 GVA at year 2008. The distribution system levels 20, 11 and 4 kV.
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Fig. 2 Structure of Egyptian Electric Power Sector
EEHC is mainly responsible for system studies and planning, Power Plants, and grid expansion Projects. EEHC own 16 companies: 6 for production, 1 for transmission, and 9 for distribution functions. The new electricity low under review on Perlman, it is expected to approved and issue end of year 2009, according the new low the drive mechanism of the system it will be the Transmission System Operator (TSO), the transmission company will be independent company, and the restructuring of the EEHC is also applied. The role of the electricity regulator will be strengthen, and the market mechanism will move forward.
1.3.3 Main indicators
TABLE 5. ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION, CONSUMPTION AND CAPACITY
TABLE 6. ENERGY RELATED RATIOS
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|
1970 |
1980 |
1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
2008 |
|
Energy consumption per capita (GJ/capita) |
2.83 |
6.38 |
11.13 |
25.41 |
25.54 |
25.4 |
|
Electricity consumption per capita (kW.h/capita) |
215.0 |
431.4 |
707.7 |
970.9 |
1460.9 |
1‘587.5 |
|
Electricity production/Energy production (%) |
27.3 |
24.4 |
22.8 |
13.8 |
20.6 |
22.5 |
|
Nuclear/Total electricity (%) |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
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Ratio of external dependency (%) (1) |
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2. NUCLEAR POWER SITUATION
2.1 Historical Development and Current Nuclear Power Organizational Structure
2.1.1 Overview
The reasons which led the country to promote launching a nuclear power program were basically the following:
(1) Steadily increasing demand for energy and electricity, caused by population growth, urbanization, industrialization, and the desire and intention to improve the conditions and the standard of living of the people;
(2) Inadequate and insufficient known national primary energy resources to supply on a medium and long term the increasing demand for energy and electricity; as well as limited potable water resources, which will require the utilization of energy intensive desalination technology particularly in remote areas.
(3) Perception of nuclear power as a convenient, economically competitive and viable source of energy which, if introduced in the country, would not only complement the traditional energy sources, but would also promote technological development and serve as an incentive for social and economic progress.
These reasons have not only retained their validity, but have been reinforced by the developments which have been taking place. Currently, energy and electricity demand continues to grow faster than population, and it is recognized that no economic development can be achieved without satisfying this demand.
In compliance with its mission and functions assigned by the
Government of Egypt, the Nuclear Power Plants Authority (NPPA) has performed a
Feasibility Study for the first Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) to be implemented in
The Egyptian nuclear program started in 1955 and developed through the following milestones:
|
1955 |
Establishment of Atomic Energy Commission. |
|
1957 |
Establishment of The Atomic Energy Establishment (AEE). |
|
1961 |
Operation the first research reactor. |
|
1963 |
Establishment of nuclear engineering department, Faculty
of Engineering, |
|
1964 |
International bidding for constructing a cogeneration nuclear power plant at Borg El-Arab site (150 MWe + 20000 M3 /d). |
|
1974 |
limited international bidding for constructing NPP at Sidi-Krir site (600 MWe). |
|
1976 |
Establishment of the Nuclear Power Plants Authority (NPPA). |
|
1976 |
Establishment of Nuclear Materials Authority (NMA). |
|
1979 |
the project of NPP was stopped due to TMI accident. |
|
1980 |
selection of El-Dabaa site for construction of NPP. |
|
1983 |
International bidding for El Dabaa NPP. |
|
1986 |
El Dabaa NPP was postponed due to |
|
1998 |
Operation the second research reactor . |
|
2006 |
Consideration of nuclear energy as an option for electricity generation was revived. |
|
2006 |
State’ System of Accounting for & Control of Nuclear Materials (SSAC) has been established. |
|
2007 |
The strategic decision to start a programme to construct a number of Nuclear Power Plants for electricity generation. |
|
2008 |
Submission a proposal for providing the required consulting services for execution of the first Nuclear Power Plant in the Egyptian Nuclear Program. |
2.1.2 Current Organizational Chart
Fig. 3 Nuclear
organizations in
Drafting of the Nuclear Law has been completed and reviewed by all concerned Ministers and organizations, as well as, by the IAEA. The draft will be submitted to People’s Assembly within its turn in 2009 to be enacted before the end of 2009. An independent regulatory body (RB) shall be created by the Nuclear Law for all nuclear and radiation applications.
The State’ System of Accounting for and Control of Nuclear Materials (SSAC) has been established by a Presidential Decree No. 152 of 2006 and its executive Ministerial Decrees (No. 419, 420 and 421, 2006) concerning the Egyptian System of Accounting for and Control of Nuclear Materials.
2.2 Nuclear power plants: Overview
2.2.1 Status and performance of nuclear power plants
TABLE 7. STATUS AND PERFORMANCE OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
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Station |
Type |
Net Capacity |
Operator |
Status |
Reactor Supplier |
Construction Date |
Grid Date |
Commercial Date |
Shutdown Date |
UCF for year |
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2.2.2 Plant upgrading, plant life management and license renewals
N/A
2.3 Future Development of Nuclear Power
2.3.1 Nuclear Power Development Strategy
In September 2006, President Mubarak declared an initiative aiming at:
- Development of a national energy strategy that:
- Guarantees the rights of future generations in our petroleum and natural gas resources
- Facilitates utilization of our renewable resources
- Facilitates the peaceful uses of nuclear energy
- Study
all aspects of nuclear option which represents a strategic issue concerned
with the future of
The reasons of this initiative were 1) recent surge of gas and oil prices, 2) long-time achievement of safety operation experience of NPPs in the world and 3) long-term perspective of depletion of indigenous natural gas reserve.
Several activities, mainly in cooperation with IAEA, followed the Presidential Initiative. These included: 1) Selection and Evaluation of sites suitable for nuclear power projects, in particular, updating of El-Dabaa site studies and evaluation based on the current international codes and standards, re-evaluation of sites previously screened out during the selection of El-Dabaa at the beginning of the 1980s, and selection of additional sites; 2) Carrying out the Basic Studies needed for the introduction of nuclear power; 3)Review the on going studies related to Energy strategies and planning; 4) Enhance the capabilities of the Egyptian regulatory body; and 5) Assistance in drafting nuclear law.
On October 29th, 2007, the President announced the strategic decision to start a programme to construct a number of Nuclear Power Plants for electricity generation. The elements of this strategic decision include:
- The implementation of the necessary steps to construct the first Nuclear Power Plant for electricity generation.
- Start legislative and structural procedures related to the energy sector in general, and the mechanisms and bodies specific to nuclear energy in particular, including:
- Re-structuring the Supreme Council for Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy to revitalize its role in developing the policies, and in approving the projects
- Draft the “nuclear law” to regulate the relationship between the various authorities involved in or related to peaceful uses of nuclear energy
- Re-structure the existing concerned agencies and authorities
- Enhance the nuclear regulatory body and ensure its independence
By the end of the second quarter of 2009, important steps in the implementation of the Egyptian nuclear power programme have been completed. These include:
- Contract with an International Consultant to provide consultation services for the first Egyptian NPP was concluded on 18 June 2009.
- Drafting the Nuclear Law completed and reviewed by the IAEA and concerned Authorities. The Law was submitted to People’s Assembly at the end of June 2009, and is expected to be passed before the end of 2009. The Nuclear Law will:
- Setup the relationship between different authorities involved in or related to peaceful uses of nuclear energy,
- Spell out clearly the mandates, obligations and responsibilities of these authorities.
- Create a nuclear regulatory body and ensure its independence from other nuclear authorities.
Cooperation with the IAEA through relevant training courses, workshops and expert missions agreed upon between Egyptian and IAEA experts.
TABLE 8. PLANNED NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
|
Station/Project Name |
Type |
Capacity MW |
Expected Construction Start Year |
Expected Commercial Year |
|
First NPP ( Al Dabaa) |
WCR |
600 - 1000 |
2013 / 2014 |
2018 / 2019 |
2.3.2 Project Management
Egypt have long experience introducing and constructing NPP
since 1964, three past Tyrell was conducted,
this experiences assess Egypt to establish the necessary infrastructure to
manage the project implementation. The Nuclear Power Plants Authority (NPPA)
was created year 1976 by law as a sol utility in
Year 1982
President Moubark announced the strategic decision The strategic decision to start a programme to construct a number of Nuclear Power Plants for electricity generation and implementation of the first NPP, the president is also reformed the supreme council for the peaceful uses of nuclear energy heeded by the president hem self and the concerned ministers as a members.
One of the main responsibilities of this council is managing, coordinating, and strong sporting the project activities
In the second level of coordination and project management the coordination committee headed by minister of electricity and energy, the members of the committee are the chairmen of the concerned authorities
NPPA is directly responsible to manage the project implementation with technical assistances of the selected experienced consultant
2.3.3 Project Funding
Implementing a sound and successful financing plan is in progress. A strong public and government policy in support of nuclear power has been created through activating the role of The Supreme Council for the Peaceful Purposes of Nuclear Energy.
Developing all necessary financial plans in place (including Waste and Decommissioning) are part of the scope of services of the project consultant. One of the bases of the development of the plan the past experiences learned during past trials in 80th , also financing the electricity projects. The electricity sector finance must of the their projects through the international financial institutions, the regional fund and banks, and local resources. The governmental guaranty thorough the Egyptian central bank will be support the position of NPPA to minimize the financial risks.
2.3.4 Electric Grid Development
During the last attempted to introduce the NPP, NPPA in cooperate with the EEHC was contact a technical study by Swedpower (1984-1986) investigating the interconnection the first NPP to the Egyptian grid. The grid capacity was less than 15 GW, but the outcome of the study is indicated the grid is accommodated the 4 nuclear units 1GW each in the El Dabaa site without a serious implications, currently a plan for grid expansion to year 2030 is under development include the nuclear power.
When NPPA will select and contract a NPP, a specific study for interconnecting this plant to the grid will caried out investigating the mutual impacts including the safety requirements.
2.3.5 Site Selection
Nuclear Power Plants Authority (NPPA) has already got a qualified nuclear site at El-Dabaa. The general conclusion of El Dabaa site studies was the suitability of the site to receive up to 4000 MW(e) units as well as a desalination plant. The site studies and investigations were performed according to the French Regulations and Practices. The El Dabaa site is coastal site on the Mediterranean see it is also characterized such as; low seismic activity, geologically, topography thermal chemical and mechanical impact on the sea, low population density, and suitable foundation basement for the constructions
However, in order to accommodate for the expected large nuclear power plants programme, NPPA has requested consultation services, to provide consulting services that include:
- Potential sites selection and evaluation;
- Updating El-Dabaa site investigations;
- Pre-contract activities and project implementation.
NPPA has carried out studies for local pathways and likely concentration of effluents. The Regulatory Body will issue the relevant regulations. Local sensitivities (land, people, plants, animals) have been identified, and some measures have been practiced in El-Dabaa site.
2.4 Organizations involved in construction of NPPs
NPPA is working as a sol governmental
utility has the right to introduce the NPP including the construction and
operation by law, the
NPPA shall with assistance of the project Consultant:
- Determine which suppliers can reliably supply which components and services;
- Make firm, realistic decisions on national or foreign supply of items for timely construction of first plant;
- Highlight any proposed scope of national/local supply in bid specification.
2.5 Organizations involved in operation of NPPs
NPPA is working as a sol governmental utility has the right to introduce the NPP including the construction and operation by law, it will cooperate with the consultant and vender to establish the all operation requirements include the O&M staff
2.6 Organizations involved in decommissioning of NPPs
NPPA is working as a sol governmental utility has the right to introduce the NPP including the construction and operation by law, part of this responsibility to develop the decommissioning strategy and it is also needed for NPP’ license
2.7 Fuel Cycle Including Waste Management
For the start of the nuclear power program,
NPPA will develop with assistance from the IAEA and the International Consultant a fuel cycle strategy for:
- Purchasing the first reactor core;
- Number of reload cores and capacity of on-site spent fuel storage to be included in first plant contract;
For high-level waste (mostly irradiated fuel), on-site storage will be the method adopted, covering the operating life of the plant. Final disposition (presumably in deep geological formations) will follow international trends and experience.
Waste management is a national responsibility. There is
experience in
The Nuclear Law revised and updated laws and regulations for handling low and medium level wastes. The consultant will help in assigning responsibility to follow international developments for high level waste disposal. The Consultant will also help in planning for enhancing waste disposal programmes and facilities, and will include waste volume and toxicity minimization provisions.
2.8 Research and Development
2.8.1 R&D organizations
The main nuclear research organization in
The Egyptian universities are important partner in R&D
activities. In
In addition to these institutions, there is a wide scientific research system that consists of the following organs:
- The Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT) has the mission is to provide a source of credible, independent, expert assessments on the sciences underlying pressing issues and matters of public interest; and to provide a voice for Egypt on behalf of the sciences, both nationally and internationally.
- The
2.8.2 Development of advanced nuclear technologies
N/A
2.8.3 International co-operation and initiatives
- Enhance the capabilities of the national RB
Comparative assessment of strategies and
options for electricity generation in
- Regional projects
Cooperation within project RAF/0/028, to enhance the
capabilities of AFRA Member States to elaborate national energy strategies for
sustainable development,
Cooperation within project RAF/0/033 , to sensitize the African Member States wishing to embark on nuclear power feasibility studies about the requirements, challenges and obligations related to such programmes.
Several TCP with IAEA was implemented for Human resources development, must of this project was designed to develop for the nuclear power plant project activities such as; preparation and project management (EGY/4/040, EGY/4/045, and EGY/4/047):
Nuclear power and desalination feasibility study to provide the decision makers with all the necessary information regarding the technical and economical feasibility, and viability of the nuclear option for electricity generation and seawater desalination. Also to transfer knowledge, information and experience related to the development of human resources for planning and implementation a nuclear project for electricity generation and water desalination.
Projects (EGY/4/042) was Established to develop a Quality Assurance program for NPPA and finalize NPPA QA manual up to the international standards, and to enable NPPA staff to plan for full implementation of QA program.
Recently IAEA and NPPA lunching a new TCP (EGY /0/049) on Safety and Environmental Impact Assessment for El Dabaa Nuclear Power Plant (2005 - 2007)
Introduction of Nuclear Power for Electricity Generation (EGY/4/053) To support national efforts to establish the country’s first nuclear power plant (NPP) for electricity generation, specifically to assist Egypt in the areas of nuclear safety, comparative assessment and siting
Managing Nuclear Power Plant Project (EGY/4/054) to enhance the capabilities of NPPA staff in the fields of project management and safety and create safety and quality management culture (2009 - 2012).
- Other areas for capacity building in cooperation with IAEA projects include:
Experimental investigation of feed water preheating on the performance of RO membranes (RO/10244): short-term to study performance characteristics of three commercial SWRO membranes over the range of allowed temperatures and pressures. Long-term to study the effect of continuous operation at maximum feed water temperature and pressure on RO membrane life.
Development of an integrated economic and financial assessment tool for power/desalination systems (EGY-11973/RO): to increase the computational capability and flexibility of DEEP, and development water cost module and additional desalination and power models.
2.9 Human Resources Development
The Egyptian strategy for human resource development is to develop the knowledge and skills needed for the human resources to support all phases of the Egyptian nuclear power programme in a timely manner. The short-, medium-, and long-term objectives are:
- Short-term objectives (1-2 years)
- To develop qualified nuclear human resources for nuclear energy program
- To establish a fully independent Regulatory Body
- Medium-term objectives (3-5 years)
- To
develop capabilities and resource and train all NPP personnel in
- Long-term objectives (+ 6 years)
- Commission first NPP by 2018
- To ensure sustainable nuclear human resources development for the nuclear program
There are national expertises in many areas related to NPP
project, except in construction of NSSS and O&M and Regulatory activities
of Nuclear Power Plants. As indicated above there are a number of educational
facilities in the field of nuclear engineering. The number of students and
professors engaged in nuclear-related programs in
Key partnerships in training outside the country are the
IAEA and Countries had bilateral agreements with
2.10 Stakeholder Communication
2.10.1 Objectives of Stakeholder Communication
The main objective of stakeholder communication is to
provide open, honest and transparent information to affected stakeholders regarding
all aspects of the project in order to maintain their trust. Another objective
is to have sufficient number of well qualified and motivated staff (internal
stakeholders) to ensure project success.
It is necessary to gather, improve and explain information regarding nuclear power issues (benefits and risks) to stakeholders concerning:
- Climate change
- Economics
- Safety
- Radiation protection
- Environmental protection
- Waste management
- Health effects (on employees and the public )
- Proliferation
2.10.2 Strategy for Stakeholder Involvement
A key factor is to include the principal organizations involved in the project in the development of the strategy (provided later in this document is a listing of those organizations).
In this regard, NPPA shall take a leading role in initiating these efforts, as it has the lead role in the implementation of the NPP project. The Nuclear Regulatory Body will also have its own strategy and communication plans, however, it should coordinate its efforts with those of others. This strategy needs to address all stakeholder groups (target audiences).
Very visible support for the strategy needs to be provided at the top level of these organizations in order for it to succeed. Both financial and human resources need to be identified to implement the strategy, also the Roles and responsibilities.
Communications/public relations specialists need to be a part of the project team. This may include the need to contract with external organizations for activities such as public opinion surveys and public information programs.
An action plan should be developed to implement this activity. This plan should be an integrated part of the overall project schedule/plan.
2.10.3 Stakeholders to be addressed
The stakeholders to be addressed through this action plan are of two categories:
- Organizations that should participate in development of the strategy and communication plans, and organizations involved in the implementation of these plans.
- Affecting and Affected stakeholders that should be the target audiences for the communications.
2.10.4 Near Term Actions Needed
The following are the identified main near term actions regarding stakeholder involvement. They are shown in the order in which they should be implemented. However, when the work plans for stakeholder involvement are developed, several of them can proceed in parallel:
- Clearly define strategic goals and have them approved and supported by top level management.
- Develop coordinated action plans for different organizations.
- Create organizational units and identify clearly their roles, responsibilities and interfaces.
- Identify team members (Individuals in different organizations) and how they will work together (regular meetings to ensure coordination).
- Identify target audience and prepare suitable messages (suitable data) and coordinate approach to survey target audience.
- Develop suitable channels for communicating with each of these target audiences (such as websites for each organization).
2.10.5 Public consultation
In order to provide open, honest and transparent information
to the stakeholders regarding all aspects of the project in order to maintain
their trust,
Public consultation will be addressed at local, national, regional and levels. The main driver in obtaining this acceptance is the social and economic benefits of the project to the local area. Other drivers are improvement of health, education, safety and security for the people around the site locality. The proponent of the project will outline and promote such benefits to the local residents. Local leaders and persons of influence will also be engaged in the planning and be informed of the measures taken to maximize the local benefits and mitigate the adverse impacts of the project. Examples of such individuals are the elected municipal officials, academic teachers and administrators, health and safety officials, key business and industry leaders, religious leaders.
2.10.6 Training Regarding Stakeholder Involvement
Those responsible for communicating with stakeholder groups will be provided with training suitable for their activities, including such areas as:
- Press conference or presentations to the media
- Presentations to stakeholder groups
- Development of materials that is suitable for the target audience.
Professional public relations firms generally provide such services. Also, the IAEA and other organizations offer training courses and other materials for such purposes.
IAEA assistance should be provided in this area, including:
- Provide experts to share their experiences and review plans/materials.
- Provide opportunities to participate in meetings/conferences on this topic.
- Scientific visits to countries that have effective stakeholder involvement programs.
- Provide educational and training materials such as films and other audio visual materials
3. NATIONAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS
3.1 Regulatory Framework
3.1.1 Regulatory Authority
The Chairman of the AEA issued decree No. 15 of 1st of August 1982, establishing Nuclear safety Committee within the AEA (later The National Center for Nuclear Safety and Radiation Control, (NCNSRC) which was established by a presidential decree No. 47 in 1991 to practice the regulatory role in the nuclear field on behalf of the Atomic Energy Authority.
The NCNSRC having the legal authority for conducting the licensing process, for issuing licenses and thereby for regulating nuclear power plant sitting, design, construction, commissioning, operation and decommissioning in Egypt.
Egypt was drafting a new nuclear low, the is right new under discussion in the Perlman, it is expected to be approved before the end of year 2009, one of the function of the low create a new independent and strong regulatory authority for all the nuclear and radiation applications.
3.1.2 Licensing Process
The Ministry of Electricity and Energy coordinate the uses
of the nuclear energy in
Furthermore, the Environmental Affairs Agency, which belongs to the Minister of Environment, regulates the environmental aspects relevant to NPP impacts during the licensing process.
The Egyptian organizations involved in the utilizing nuclear
energy, especially for the electricity generation and seawater desalination,
are presented in Figure 4. The figure shows the interrelation between these
organizations with respect to licensing procedures for nuclear power plants in
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Fig. 4 licensing
procedures for nuclear power plants in
The AEA has also issued the following basic safety rules,
which establishes nuclear regulations, safety criteria, codes, rules and standards
to be used for nuclear power plants to be established in
- The
IAEA Nuclear Safety Standards (NUSS) shall be a main source of the
Egyptian nuclear regulations, safety criteria, codes, rules and standards.
NUSS shall also be used as a frame of reference for the review and
assessment of safety analysis reports as well as other safety-related
documents for nuclear power plants to be established in
- The competent authority may also accept the safety criteria, codes, rules and standards used in the vendor country at the time of contract signing as well as the latest versions applicable during the time of design and construction, to the extent that they are not incompatible with NUSS. The latest level of practical experience in the vendor country should also be adequately considered.
- The
nuclear power plant(s) to be established in
- The proposed plant should be licensable in the vendor’s country.
The licensing procedures, as stipulated by AEA, are divided into 5 stages:
1. Site approval
2. Construction permit
3. Fuel loading and commissioning permit
4. Operating license
5. Decommissioning license
3.2 Main National Laws and Regulations in Nuclear Power
In this legal form the AEC proceeded with its work until it was replaced by Presidential Decree No. 288 for the year 1957 through “The Atomic Energy Establishment - AEE” (which later became the Atomic Energy Authority - AEA). The sub-item (h) of the Second Article of this Presidential Decree empowered the AEE to take the proper security measures needed for protection against the danger of nuclear radiation, cure those affected by it, issue provisions and instructions and propose the necessary legislation.
In 1960, the law No. 59 organizing the use of ionizing radiation and protection against it was issued, it states that “The AEE and the Minister of Health are in charge of executing, each in its field of competency”. The second paragraph of the Article 3 of this law states that “The AEE shall regulate work in open isotopes and reactors, and granting the necessary licenses to regulate them.”
The Minister of Electricity and Energy issued decree 359 of 22 August 1981 establishing a committee whose function was to draw up draft laws regulating the use of nuclear power for peaceful purposes, and in this committee, all the competent bodies concerned with nuclear power matters in Egypt were represented. The committee completed its reports in January 1982 and appended to it a draft law on a national organ for nuclear protection and security, and civil liability for nuclear damage.
The Draft Law on Nuclear Control and Safety, and Civil Responsibility on Nuclear Damage states that: A general authority is to be established named “The National Authority for Nuclear Control and Safety”. This authority will be responsible for protecting and safeguarding individuals, establishments and environment when selecting a location, constructing, operating, suspending and terminating the operation of nuclear establishments
REFERENCES
Egypt Information Portal http://www.egypt.gov.eg
The Egyptian Cabinet Information and
The Egyptian Ministry of Electricity and Energy http://www.moee.gov.eg
The Egyptian Ministry of Petroleum http:// www.emp.gov.eg
The Egyptian Ministry of Economic Development http://www.mop.gov.eg
The Egyptian Ministry of Finance http:// www.mof.gov.eg
Energy Information Administration (EIA) http://www.eia.doe.gov
Encyclopedia of Earth http://www.en.wikipedia.org
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) http://www.iaea.org
Appendix 1:
International, Multilateral and Bilateral Agreements
Aiming at the implementation of nuclear power reactors for
the purpose of electricity generation and desalination,
First of all,
Another important step for preparation to implement nuclear
power reactors in
Following the co-operation agreement with the
Furthermore,
On 8 April 1990 president Mubarak declared an initiative to
set up a Weapons of Mass Destruction Free Zone (WMDFZ) in the
- To ban WMD in the middle east, whether nuclear, biological, or chemical.
- All the countries of the region should make equal and mutual pledges in that regard.
- An appropriate measures and procedures to ensure the full compliance of all countries of the region should be taken.
In 1995 experts from the Organization of African Unity (OAU) elaborated a draft treaty on the African Nuclear Weapon Free Zone, called (The Treaty of Plindaba) on 11 April 1996, it was opened for signature.
SUMMARY OF THE
|
Commitments |
Signature |
Ratification |
Remaining into force |
Renewal* |
|
1- Multilateral |
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1-1 NPT |
|
26/02/1981 |
indefinite |
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1-2 Safeguards |
25/6/1981 |
07/10/1981 |
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1-3-1 |
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05/11/1965 |
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1-3-2 Joint Protocol |
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10/08/1989 |
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1-4 Early Notification |
26/09/1986 |
06/08/1988 |
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1-5 Assistance in the case of nuclear Accident |
26/09/1986 |
17/10/1988 |
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1-6 Nuclear safety |
20/09/1994 |
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2- Bilateral |
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2-1 |
27/03/1981 |
14/07/1981 |
30 years |
3 years, each |
|
2-2 |
29/06/1981 |
29/12/1981 |
40 years |
40 years |
|
2-3 |
26/10/1981 |
26/02/1982 |
30 years |
5 years |
|
2-4 |
17/05/1982 |
8/11/1982 |
30 years |
5 years |
|
2-5 |
26/07/1981 |
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2-6 |
10/04/1985 |
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2-7 |
25/03/2008 |
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3- Memorandum of Understanding |
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3-1 |
23/06/1981 |
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3-2 |
02/11/1981 |
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* Unless termination by either party, by notification six months before the end of each period. |
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Appendix 2:
main organizations, institutions and companies involved in nuclear power related activities
1 Atomic Energy Authority (AEA)
- The
- The
Adress:
DOKKI 3 AHMED EL-ZOMOR
STREET, SECT. 8
CAIRO 12611 CAIRO
Egypt Egypt
Tel. 202 22876033- 202 22875924 Fax. 202 22876031 http://www.eaea.org.eg
2 Nuclear Materials Authority (NMA):
Main activities:
- Research & Development
- Exploration & Mining of Nuclear Materials
Adress:
P.O.
3 Nuclear Power Plants Authority (NPPA)
Main activities:
- Feasibility Studies for NPPs
- Bid Specification & Evaluation
- NPPs Project implementation
- O& M over NPPs Life Cycle
Address: 4, EL NASR
AVENUE
P.O.
P.O. BOX 108, ABBASSIA Fax. 202 22616476
CAIRO 11381 http://www.moee.gov.eg
Name of report coordinator:
Institution:
Nuclear Power
Plants Authority (NPPA)
Contacts:
Dr. Y.M.Ibrahim
Tel. 202 22616480- 83
Fax. 202 22616476
http://www.moee.gov.eg
email. Nppa2@idsc.net.eg