Nuclear Energy Department
Division of Nuclear Power
Nuclear Power Engineering Section

    2002 Edition

COUNTRY NUCLEAR POWER PROFILES

FOREWORD
INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURE & CONTENTS
COUNTRY PROFILES
ANNEXES

CONTRIBUTORS TO DRAFTING AND REVIEW
Appendix: PREFIXES AND CONVERSION FACTORS

FOREWORD:

       
       The preparation of Country Nuclear Power Profiles was initiated within the framework of the IAEA’s programme on assessment and feedback of nuclear power plant performance. It responded to a need for a database and a technical document containing a description of the energy and economic situation, the energy and the electricity sector and the primary organizations involved in nuclear power in IAEA Member States. 

       This is the fourth edition of the Country Nuclear Power Profiles, issued on CD-ROM only. It updates the country information, in general, to the end of 2001. In addition to the established 35 nuclear countries, Indonesia, which is  involved with nuclear power programme planning, is also included here. 

       This edition covers background information on the status and development of nuclear power programmes in counties having operation nuclear plants and /or plants under construction as of 1 January 2002. It reviews the organizational and industrial aspects of nuclear power programmes in participating countries for the same period and provides information about the relevant legislative, regulatory, and international framework in each country. As in the previous edition (2001), it also compiles the changes in the new environment of the electricity and the nuclear sector, i.e. the impact of privatization and deregulation on these sectors, a situation that differs from country to country.        

         It is noted that there also exist other profiles on specific subjects of nuclear power in the Agency, e.g. Safety Profiles (NS Safety Co-ordination), Waste Management Profiles (NEFW), Fuel Cycle Profiles (NEFW).  

         The IAEA officers responsible for the overall co-ordination and preparation were S.K.Cho and R.Spiegelberg-Planer of the Nuclear Power Engineering Section, Division of Nuclear Power. The Agency also acknowledges the work of R.George in the preparation of the CD-ROM.

INTRODUCTION:

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In 2001, nuclear power provided about 16% of the world’s electricity, with 438 units operating in 30 countries. As part of its programmes in the field of nuclear power, the IAEA compiles information from its Member States about the operational and institutional framework of their nuclear power programmes, among other aspects. Additionally, technical data is maintained and analyzed through the IAEA’s databases covering energy, electricity, and nuclear power status and trends. These include the Power Reactor Information System (PRIS) and the Energy and Economic Data Bank (EEDB), which have long assisted Member States by serving as central sources of reliable information in the field. 

          This publication compiles background information on the status and development of nuclear power programmes in countries having operating nuclear plants and/or plants under construction as of 1 January 2002 and in countries actively engaged in planning such a programme. It presents historical information on energy supply and demand; reviews the organizational and industrial aspects of nuclear power programmes in participating countries for the same period; and provides information about the relevant legislative, regulatory, and international framework in each country. Topics such as reactor safety, the nuclear fuel cycle, radioactive waste management and research programmes are for the most part not discussed in detail. Statistical data about nuclear plant operations, population, energy and electricity use are largely drawn from the PRIS and EEDB sources as of yearend 2001 and from the national contributions. However, the 2000 and 2001 EEDB data are extrapolated based on trends in the second half of the 90ties.  

          The compilation’s main objectives are to consolidate information about the nuclear power infrastructures in participating countries, and to present factors related to the effective planning, decision-making, and implementation of nuclear power programmes that together lead to safe and economic operations. Altogether 30 IAEA Member States having operating nuclear power plants as of 1 January 2002 as well as Italy, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Vietnam and Indonesia contributed information to the document’s major sections. Designated experts from these countries participated in a series of advisory and consultants meetings covering specific subject areas, as well as the structure, scope, and preparation of the publication. Its descriptive and statistical overview of the overall economic, energy, and electricity situation in each country, and its nuclear power framework is intended to serve as an integrated source of key background information about nuclear power programmes in the world. Each of the 36 profiles in this publication is self-standing and contains information officially provided by the respective national authorities.  

          To facilitate reviewing information/performing analyses by the reader, five annexes have been added to the profiles: Annex I provides an overview of the global development of advanced nuclear power plants covering all reactor lines, i.e. water-cooled reactors, gas-cooled reactors, and liquid metal cooled reactors. Annex II provides 4 summary tables for the year 2001 with PRIS and EEDB data. It contains the status of nuclear power reactors in Member States, individual reactors connected to the grid and under construction and the main EEDB data (population, economic, energy, electricity and energy related ratio data). Annex III is prepared in HTML format to facilitate easy and direct access to web sites of nuclear related organizations on the CD-ROM edition. However, each country profile contains an Appendix “Directory of the main organizations, institutions and companies involved in nuclear power related activities”, with addresses, telephone and facsimile numbers and web sites. Annex IV contains information from Bangladesh. These countries have submitted relevant information in the framework of the IAEA activity on integrated approach of nuclear power programme planning. In addition, the Secretariat has added the EEDB data and the international agreements. 

          An aspect of vital concern related to the future perspectives of nuclear power is the impact of deregulation of electricity market and privatization of electric utilities. The electricity sector has changed rapidly and dramatically during the last decade, marked by the introduction of competition and privatization in the electricity generation sector of many countries, after many years of public service orientation, monopolies domain and regulated markets. Changing technology, public sector financial pressures, and increased competition in other economic sectors can be addressed as the causes of these changes that affect the management of all generators, whether in developed, developing countries, or economies in transition. The details of particular impacts will vary from country to country and the degree of change that is required will differ. However, the basic trend of market changes and the required adjustments by power companies has been remarkably consistent. 

          In this context nuclear generation must compete for market favour with other fuels and generating technologies: natural gas, coal, hydro and renewables. These are all variously placed with regard to cost and risk (risk here is commercial and financial risk), the two most critical commercial considerations. How these inter-fuel differences can be managed to advantage will affect how various generating technologies are equipped to compete. 

          How risk and costs are managed in competitive markets will govern which generating technologies will be retained or phased out, dispatched or not, and selected for future projects or not. The crux of the matter for nuclear power is that long term financing for capital-intensive investments requires rewards to investors that are commensurate with long term commercial risk. The key to a nuclear future is whether the nuclear industry can afford the required rewards, or can reduce investors’ commercial and financial risks to affordable levels. 

          In the past 20 years, new safety goals and requirements have generally been established for nuclear power plants, with little clear consideration of economic costs and benefits, or of alternative and perhaps more cost effective ways of achieving desired safety goals. This approach was encouraged by the fact that most nuclear plants operated in monopoly markets where costs were not necessarily a primary concern. But times and markets have changed, and regulatory approaches must also change, to permit a clear definition of when a plant is safe enough, and some degree of flexibility in achieving these goals. Of course, arguing for some consideration of economic consequences, for financial analysis of proposed safety requirements, and for background analysis of costs and benefits in the safety field does not in any way constitute a judgment about what is appropriate in terms of safety. 

          There is also a need for the application of financial analysis and liability management for decommissioning and waste disposal, particularly in the face of increasingly stringent regulatory and political requirements. Economic common sense, efficient cost management, a degree of flexibility in meeting standards and an appreciation of the costs of uncertainty and of political and regulatory change must all be cultivated. 

          Nuclear energy - worldwide - is able and ready to compete with other energy sources in an open, deregulated electricity market. Existing nuclear power plants are extremely well positioned to compete in deregulated markets, on the basis of their largely amortized capital costs and relatively low variable costs. Nuclear power offers considerable environmental advantages compared to alternative mainstream energy sources, and is the only energy source that has already 'internalized' the vast majority of its 'external' costs - those costs, such as environmental impact costs, that are not directly passed on to the consumer. The biggest future challenge for the nuclear industry will be to convince investors of the case for nuclear new-build in a fully deregulated market. Nuclear plants - like hydro-electric plants - have relatively high capital costs, and investors therefore need to be persuaded of the advantages of projects with relatively long pay-back periods. Growing awareness of nuclear's environmental benefits, combined with the need to ensure long-term security of supply, could play a key role here in years to come.  

STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS:

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          The following structure was developed by participating national experts in 1995 and has been used by the national contributors as a guidance to complete their country nuclear power profile. References, on where to find more detailed information, should be mentioned when necessary. Examples are web sites in the country, source of information, etc. All tables and charts should contain the source of information.  

 1.   GENERAL INFORMATION 
 1.1. General Overview 

 ·        Geographic situation, climate, etc. (brief description covering only information which is relevant in     connection with energy/nuclear power)1

 ·      Population (total, density, growth rate)2. 

 1.2. Economic Indicators 2  

 ·       Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (total, per capita, per sector, growth rate).

 1.3. Energy Situation 2

 ·       Primary energy resources and reserves (fossil fuels, renewable sources, uranium). For energy units, please refer to the Appendix at the end of this outline. 

· ·      Primary energy consumption (energy supply/demand balance last year and time series, energy consumption per capita and per sector, import/export balance). 

 1.4. Energy Policy 1  

           Brief description of current energy policy in terms of independence of the sector, use of domestic resources, market driven, influence of climate change, impact of Kyoto in the energy policy, etc.  Discussion on the country energy resources and its impact in the energy policy.

 2.   ELECTRICITY SECTOR 
 2.1. Structure of the Electricity Sector 1  

           Description of the overall structure of electricity sector (Utilities, Independent Producers, Transmission and Distribution), indicating whether centralized or decentralized, private or public owned. 

 2.2. Decision Making Process 1  

           General description of the decision making process in the electricity sector, including planning the electricity system expansion. 

 2.3.Main Indicators 2  

·       Total electricity production and consumption and per capita consumption. 

·       Installed generation capacity, production, load factor by source (fossil fuels, nuclear, hydro, other renewable sources). 

·       Share of electricity in total energy consumption. 

 2.4. Impact of Open Electricity Market in the Nuclear Sector 1

           General description of open market issues and its influence in the nuclear sector reorganization. Mention de-regulation, competition, privatization mergers and acquisitions affected or may affect the electricity and nuclear sector.

3. NUCLEAR POWER SITUATION 
 3.1. Historical Development 1  

           Brief overview on the main decisions and events related to the implementation and development of the nuclear programme. 

 3.2. Status and Trends of Nuclear Power 1, 2  

·       Nuclear power plants (NPPs) in operation, under construction, closed down. 

·       Performance of NPPs.  

·       Nuclear electricity generation, share in total electricity generation. 

·       Nuclear power development projections and plans. 

·       Include country’s map with location of nuclear power plant site.  

 3.3. Current Policy Issues 1   

           Main issues related to present nuclear power policy, e.g., moratorium, public acceptance, open market, privatization, safety and waste management issues, role of the government in the nuclear R& D, human resources development economic and financing issues, and impact of nuclear power in avoiding CO2 emissions, etc.

 3.4. Organizational Chart(s) 1  

           The chart(s) might cover institutional relationships, e.g., licensing authorization, financial relationships, i.e., share holding, and technical/operational relationship, i.e., supply of equipment, materials or services. 

 4. NUCLEAR POWER INDUSTRY 1  

           Main organizations, institutes and companies involved in nuclear power related activities; the boundaries of 'nuclear power activities' might be adapted to the national situation according to the judgment of the drafter; whenever possible, organizational charts should be provided, a short text describing the various entities is desirable but not essential. Each country should indicate the criteria to choose the main organizations presented in this section. The activities performed by the organizations and institutions should also be mentioned here.

 4.1. Supply of NPPs 

           Including architect engineer, NSS and main component suppliers. 

4.2. Operation of NPPs 

           Indicating owners/operators if relevant, operation and maintenance service suppliers and operator training

 4.3. Fuel Cycle, Spent Fuel  and Waste Management Service Supply 

           Covering all activities from uranium mining to spent fuel management and waste disposal. 

 4.4. Research and Development Activities 

           Institutes research centres, etc., independent from the companies listed above, eg., Atomic Energy commissions, National Laboratories.  Mention also advanced reactor technologies activities in the country.

 4.5. International Co-operation in the Field of Nuclear Power Development and Implementation 

           Brief description of research and development activities carried out jointly with other countries and/or within the framework of international projects, technical and industrial co-operation, transfer of know-how and technology. 

 5. REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 1 
 5.1. Safety Authority and the Licensing Process

           Brief description of the role and responsibilities of the safety authority and the overall licensing process for nuclear facilities.

 5.2. Main National Laws and Regulations

           List of the essential legal texts regulating nuclear power in the country, with reference to the original publications; including a brief summary of the mechanisms in place for financing decommissioning and waste disposal. 

 5.3. International, Multilateral and Bilateral Agreements 

           List of international conventions, bilateral agreements, etc. signed/ratified by the country in the field of nuclear power. 

 Appendix 

Directory of the main organizations, institutions and companies involved in nuclear power related activities 

         As mentioned in Chapter IV (name, address, i.e. telephone, telefax, e-mail, web site, main activities, production capabilities). 

1 Information to be supplied by experts from Member States.
2
Information already available to the IAEA Secretariat. However, additional information may be provided  by  national experts and will be taken into account by the Secretariat.

 

COUNTRY PROFILES:

 

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Annex I:  Overview of Global Development of Advanced Nuclear Power Plants
Annex I provides an overview of the global development of advanced nuclear power plants covering all reactor lines, i.e. water-cooled reactors, gas-cooled reactors, and liquid metal cooled reactors to facilitate gathering information by the reader.

Annex II: Summary Tables
Annex II provides 4 summary tables for the year 2001 with PRIS and EEDB data to facilitate reviewing information/performing analyses by the reader. It contains the status of nuclear power reactors in Member States, individual reactors connected to the grid and under construction and the main EEDB data (population, economic, energy, electricity and energy related ratio data).

Annex III: Nuclear Power Related Web Sites 
This Annex is prepared in HTML format to facilitate easy and direct access to web sites of nuclear related organizations. However, each country profile contains an Appendix “Directory of the main organizations, institutions and companies involved in nuclear power related activities”, with addresses, telephone and facsimile numbers and websites.

Annex IV:
Bangladesh
Annex IV contains information from Bangladesh which has submitted relevant information in the framework of the IAEA activity on integrated approach of nuclear power programme planning. In addition, the Secretariat has added the EEDB data and the international agreements.

CONTRIBUTORS TO DRAFTING AND REVIEW 

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  Appendix: PREFIXES AND CONVERSION FACTORS

TABLE 1. PREFIXES   

Symbol 

Name 

Factor 

E

exa 

1018 

P

peta 

1015 

tera 

1012 

giga 

109 

mega 

106 

k

kilo 

103 

hecto 

102 

da 

deca 

101 

deci 

10-1 

centi 

10-2 

mili 

10-3 

m 

micro 

10-6 

h

nano 

10-9 

pico 

10-12

femto 

10-15 

atto 

10-18 

 TABLE 2. CONVERSION FACTORS FOR ENERGY

To:

TJ 

Gcal 

Mtoe 

MBtu 

GWh 

From: 

Multiply by: 

TJ 

238.8 

2.388 x 10-5 

947.8 

0.2778 

Gcal 

4.1868 x 10-3 

10-7 

3.968 

1.163 x 10-3 

Mtoe 

4.1868 x 104 

107 

3.968 x 107 

11630 

MBtu 

1.0551 x 10-3 

0.252 

2.52 x 10-8 

2.931 x 10-4 

GWh 

3.6 

860 

8.6 x 10-5 

3412 

 TABLE 3. CONVERSION FACTORS FOR MASS

To:

kg 

lt 

st 

lb 

From: 

Multiply by: 

kg (kilogram) 

0.001 

9.84 x 10-4 

1.102 x 10-3 

2.2046 

t (tonne) 

1000 

0.984 

1.1023 

2204.6 

lt (long tonne) 

1016 

1.016 

1.12 

2240.0 

st (short tonne) 

907.2 

0.9072 

0.893 

2000.0 

lb (pound) 

0.454 

4.54 x 10-4 

4.46 x 10-4 

5.0 x 10-4 

 TABLE 4. CONVERSION FACTORS FOR VOLUME 

To: 

US gal 

UK gal 

bbl 

ft3 

m3 

From: 

Multiply by:  

US gal(US gallon) 

0.8327 

0.02381 

0.1337 

3.785 

0.0038 

UK gal(UK gallon) 

1.201 

0.02859 

0.1605 

4.546 

0.0045 

bbl (barrel) 

42.0 

34.97 

5.615 

159.0 

0.159 

ft3 (cubic foot) 

7.48 

6.229 

0.1781 

28.3 

0.0283 

l (litre) 

0.2642

0.22 

0.0063 

0.0353 

0.001 

m3 (cubic metre) 

264.2

220.0 

6.289 

35.3147 

1000 

    

 Compliments from Nuclear Power Engineering Section

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