As in other democratic countries, the Republic of Indonesia applies the Trias Politica that recognizes the separation of the legislative, executive and judicial bodies. The legislative authority is under the People’s Consultative Assembly (MPR) that consists of two bodies namely the Parliament composed of members of political parties (DPR), and the Regional Representative Council (DPD) composed of representatives from each province in Indonesia. 

The executive institution is centralized under the president, vice president, and the cabinet of ministers. The cabinet is a presidential cabinet in which the ministers report to the president and do not represent the political parties. Presidential election is also held every five years. Since 2004, president of the Republic of Indonesia is elected through direct election by the people.

The judicial institution - since the reform era and upon the amendment of the 1945 Constitution - is administered by the Supreme Court including the administration of the judges.

Indonesia is one of the largest archipelagos in the world that has 17,508 islands, situated between 6 degrees northern latitude and 11 degrees southern latitude and spreading from 97 degrees to 141 degrees eastern longitude and it is located between two continents – Asia and Australia/Oceania. This strategic position greatly influences the country’s culture, social, politics and economy.

Stretching along 3,977 miles between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. Indonesia has a total area of 1.9 million square miles (4,92 million square kilometres) including the ocean. The water area is about two-third of total area.

The five large islands of Indonesia are: Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua. These islands were formed range from Tertiary to Quaternary age. The Australian and Pacific tectonic plate have a great effect on the change of the islands. The Australian plate changes slowly with an upward movement into the small plates of the Pacific plate that moves southward. Between these lines, the islands of Indonesia are stretched out.

This makes Indonesia as one of the most changing geological area in the world. There are 400 volcanic mountains – which 100 of them are active- that dot the islands of Indonesia. Java alone is home to 112 volcanoes, fifteen of which are still active. Most of the islands are hot and humid throughout the year. Temperature ranges from 27.6° to 36.8° C during the day and from 14.6° to 24.6° C during the night. Humidity ranges from 63% to 83%. Rain falls primarily from December to March, when the winter monsoon dominates. Only western Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands have a dry season, from June to September.

TABLE 1. POPULATION INFORMATION

 Source: Statistic Centre Board (www.bps.go.id)

Currently, there are more than 244 million people living in Indonesia. The population grew at an average rate of 1.38% between 2000 and 2012. It is projected that the total population of Indonesia will always increase in the next 25 years, from 241.1 million in 2011 to 273.1 million in the year 2025.

Every year there is an increasing number in urban population. Based on the data shows in Table 1, in 2011 about 51% of Indonesia population is living in a city. Generally, urbanization level is projected to reach 68 percent in year 2025.

The results of the 2010 National Population Census shows that Java and Madura Islands, which accounts for 7% of the total area, is resided by around 57,5% of the population (136 millions), while Maluku and Papua which account for 25% of the total area, are inhabited by 3% of the total population.

TABLE 2. GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)

Source: Statistic Centre Board

Indonesia had an average real gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate of 5.42 percent between 2000 and 2012. During the 2000-2012 periods, GDP of Indonesia had increased from US$144.8 billion to US$ 272.86 billion (CY 2000 Price). Table 2 shows the GDP of Indonesia.

By utilizing the Masterplan for Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesia’s Economic Development (MP3EI), Indonesia aims to earn its place as one of the world’s developed country by 2025 with expected per capita income of USD 14,250-USD 15,500 with total GDP of USD 4.0-4.5 Trillion. To achieve the above objectives, real economic growth of 6.4-7.5 percent is expected for the period of 2011-2014. This economic growth is expected to coincide with the decrease in the rate of inflation from 6.5 percent in 2011-2014 to 3.0 percent in 2025. The combined growth and inflation rates reflect the characteristics of a developed country.

TABLE 3. ESTIMATED AVAILABLE ENERGY SOURCES

Source:

• Ministry of Enery & Mineral Resources (2013)

• Batan (National Nuclear Energy Agency) for nuclear data

TABLE 4. ENERGY STATISTICS (in EJ)

Source: Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics of Indonesia 2012, Ministry of Energy & Mineral Resources

The President of the Republic of Indonesia issued a Presidential Regulation No. 5 of 2006 that outlined the National Energy Policy (NEP). This NEP is a comprehensive policy which covers both the supply and the demand-side policy. The NEP also underlines the need that energy conversion in all sectors has to be implemented immediately, not only to reduce the dependence on oil fuel, but also to diversify energy, alleviate poverty, increase economic growth, and promote environmentally-friendly development.

The aforementioned Presidential Regulation serves as the main guideline in the national energy management to achieve the security of domestic energy supply. This regulation sets a clear target of the share of each type of energy up to the year 2025, as follows: oil supply will be reduced to share only up to 20%, natural gas increases to 30%, coal should be more than 33%, and new and renewable energy sets at 17%.

The House of Representatives passed the new NEP in a plenary meeting on 28 February 2014, securing renewable energy requirements for the coming decades. The new policy would reduce gasoline dependency and increase the use of renewable energy.

At the moment, gasoline accounts for 49 percent of Indonesia’s energy usage. The new policy will seek to decrease that portion to 23 percent by 2025, while increasing the use of gas, coal and the portion of new and renewable energy (including nuclear energy). As stated in the previous policy that portion of new and renewable energy sets at 17%, become increase to be 23% by 2025.

In the new policy nuclear considered as a last resort, but in the explanation article stated that: "in-depth studies have been conducted on the presence of technological development of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, meeting growing energy needs, the provision of large-scale national energy, reduce carbon emissions as well as the urgent national interest, then basically nuclear energy can be utilized”.

The Indonesian power sector is ruled and regulated by the following law and government regulations:

• Law No. 15 /1985 regarding electricity;

• Government Regulation No. 3/2005 regarding amendment of the Government Regulation No. 10/1985 regarding electricity;

• Ministerial Decree of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR) No. 9/2005.

• Ministerial Decree of MEMR No.10/2005.

The Directorate General of Electricity (DGE) under the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources is primarily responsible to formulate electricity policy and regulation. One responsibility of DGE is to prepare general national electricity planning to meet electricity power demand in a reliable and sustainable way. The National Electricity General Planning (RUKN, Rencana Umum Kelistrikan Nasional) is an integrated policy in the electricity sector comprising projection of electricity demand and supply of power generation, investment and financing, utilization of primary energy resources, as well as new and renewable energy for power generation.

According to Act No. 15 on Electricity (1985) and the Government Regulation No. 26 on supply and utilization of power generation (2006), the electricity utility should undertake planning and have a Electricity Power Supply Business Plan (RUPTL, Rencana Umum Pengusahaan Tenaga Listrik).

The structure of the current Indonesian electricity supply industry is shown in Figure 1. According to the law No. 15/1985, PLN - which is a state owned enterprise as well as a limited liability company - is the only authority in the country that provides electricity to all Indonesian people (PKUK). In serving the national electricity demand, PLN produces electricity from its own power plants, including from generator companies which are PLN’s subsidiaries. PLN also acts as the single buyer that purchases electricity from independent power producers (IPP). Other power producers apart from PLN and IPP are ‘captive power’, mostly industries that produce power for self uses, and some other smaller companies including cooperatives that sell their electricity directly to consumers.

FIGURE 1. THE STRUCTURE OF THE CURRENT INDONESIAN

ELECTRICITY SUPPLY INDUSTRY

PLN builds and owns most electricity infrastructure in the country. In term of generation facilities, PLN owns almost every kind of power plants, such as coal-fired and oil-fired steam power plants, gas turbine, geothermal, hydroelectric, and diesel plants. Most of these generation facilities are under the management of two PLN’s subsidiaries, PT Indonesia Power and Java-Bali Electric Company (PT. PJB).

FIGURE 2. CURRENT ELECTRICITY MARKET IN INDONESIA

In delivering electricity to its large, medium and small customers while maintaining the quality and reliability of service, PLN has developed extensive transmission and distribution networks, including the large scale interconnection power grid in Java-Bali system.

Furthermore, PT PLN established 5 subsidiaries and 1 joint venture as the following:

1. PT. Indonesia Power, whose main business is electricity generation.

2. PT. Pembangkitan Jawa Bali (PT PJB), whose main business is electricity generation.

3. PT. National Electricity Service of Batam Island (PT. Pelayanan Listrik Nasional Batam - PLN Batam), that engaged in business of electricity provision for public purposes in the Region Batam Island.

4. PT. Indonesia Comnets Plus, whose main business is telecommunications business.

5. PT. Prima Layanan Nasional Enjiniring (PT. PLN Enjiniring), a company on engineering, consultant, and construction supervision.

6. PT. National Electricity Service Tarakan (PT PLN Tarakan), a provider of electricity for public purposes in Tarakan Island of East Kalimantan.

7. PT. Geo Dipa Energi, a joint venture between PT.PLN and PT. PERTAMINA , whose business is in electricity generation, especially geothermal power plant.

Installed Capacity

Power systems in Indonesia divided into two types, which are: interconnected system and isolated system. The power system which has been well interconnected is Java-Bali system and Sumatra system, while the rest are still isolated. At the end of 2012 the capacity of the power system in Indonesia was 41,098 MW. In comparison the figure for the previous year was 39,898.97 MW, so the capacity of the power system increased 1,199.03 MW or 3 %. Of this amount, approximately 76% of the power capacity is in the Java-Bali system.

TABLE 5. ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION, CONSUMPTION AND CAPACITY

Source: National Electricity Company, PT PLN

The system peak-load of Indonesia in 2012 was 28.88 GWe. The peak load of Indonesia increased 8.32% over the previous year. PT. PLN produced electricity of about 200.32 TWh in 2012 including that produced from power generation units rented from other companies. The total production (including purchase from utilities outside PLN or IPP) during the CY 2011 was 183.4 TWh, an increase of 16.9 TWh or 9.21 % over the previous year. Of this energy production, the energy purchased from other utilities outside PLN amounted to 50.56 TWh (25.24%). This was increased by 9.9 TWh or 24.29 % over the previous year. From the total energy purchased the greater part were 8.5 TWh (18.34%) from PT Paiton Energy Company and 8.4 TWh (18.20%) from PT. Jawa Power.

TABLE 6. ENERGY RELATED RATIOS

Nuclear activities in Indonesia began with the establishment of the State Committee for the Investigation of Radioactivity in 1954. The Committee was assigned to investigate the possibility of radioactive fall-out in Indonesian territory due to nuclear weapon testing in the Pacific Ocean.

Noting that the development and application of atomic energy could enhance the welfare of the people, the Government issued Government Regulation No. 65 of 5 December 1958 establishing the Atomic Energy Council and the Atomic Energy Institute. This Government Regulation was then followed by the enactment of the Act No. 31 in 1964 regarding the Basic Stipulations on Atomic Energy. In 1965 Government Regulation No. 33 renamed the Atomic Energy Institute as the National Atomic Energy Agency (Badan Tenaga Atom Nasional or BATAN). However, 5 December has been retained as the date of anniversary of BATAN.

In 1965, the operation of the first research reactor (Triga Mark II, 100 KWt later upgraded to 1 MWt in 1971 and 2 MWt in 2000) was inaugurated in Bandung. In order to improve mastery of nuclear science and technology, several research & development and engineering facilities were built, among others are the Nuclear Technology Research Center of Pasar Jumat, Jakarta in 1966, and the Nuclear Technology Research Center of GAMA, Yogyakarta in 1967. In this last one, the Kartini research reactor was in 1979 with a capacity of 100 KWt. To further support the nuclear energy programme, research & development and engineering facilities, the 30 MWt Multipurpose Research Reactor was inaugurated in 1987. To support this last reactor’s activities, laboratories, including facilities for fuel fabrication of research and power reactors, reactor safety testing, production of radioisotope and radiopharmaceutical, management of radioactive wastes and other nuclear facilities have been built in the PUSPIPTEK science and technology research complex in Serpong.

Further development saw the enactment of Act No. 10 on Nuclear Energy in 1997, which stipulated among others the separation of the executing function on the beneficial applications of nuclear energy (BATAN), from the regulatory function held by the Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency (BAPETEN).

To implement its nuclear energy programme, Indonesia so far has not decided to establish an implementing organization (NEPIO). It should be noted that some available institutions, such as National Nuclear Energy Agency (BATAN), Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Research and Technology, have played essential roles similar to those of NEPIO.

FIGURE 3 INSTITUTIONS INVOLVED IN NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAMME

The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources has a role in energy and electricity policy, The Ministry of Research and Technology in science and technology policy, and The Ministry of Environmental in site and environmental policy, while The Ministry of Industry is concerned with national industry and technology transfer policy.

BATAN, assisted by the universities, has a role in research and development including technical consultancy, human resources and training, information and socialization and site preparation. BAPETEN (Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency) has a role as a regulatory body in nuclear regulation and licensing.

BATAN (National Nuclear Energy Agency) in cooperation with other relevant government institutions: BAPETEN (Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency), Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM), Ministry of Environment (KLH), Ministry of Industry (Depperin), and State Electricity Company (PLN) initiates to prepare, develop and conduct a self-evaluation on the national status of 19 basic infrastructures of NPP development, which has been started since 2009. Table 7 shows the responsible institutions and their scope of work in infrastructure preparation of nuclear power programme.

RESPONSIBLE INSTITUTIONS AND THEIR SCOPE OF WORK

The table “STATUS AND PERFORMANCE OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS” is not applicable.

NA

Utilization of NPPs as a part of the provision of national energy was noted in the Presidential Regulation No. 5 in 2006 on the National Energy Policy, as well as in the Act No.17 in 2007 on the National Long-term Development Plan for 2005-2025. Act No.17 in 2007 mentions that the introduction of nuclear power should be utilized with high consideration of safety factor. According to these two legal documents, NPPs utilization may be initiated within the period mentioned. Project Framework of Indonesia in NPP development is shown in Figure 4 below.

Indonesia is considering having NPP project through an open bids mechanism. Type of contract for first NPP is covered by the turnkey approach.

Regarding to the nuclear fuel cycle, an open cycle is for the moment a preferred option. According to the BAPETEN Chairman Regulation No. 4/2009 on Nuclear Reactor Decommissioning, the Owner has responsibility for decommissioning of NPP including provision for financial guarantee. 

Specific plans are needed for national strategy implementation. The nuclear infrastructure is being developed through many related institutions based on their tasks.

The schedule activities for the first NPP was prepared in accordance with the Nuclear Act No. 10 Year 1997, the commercial operation is expected by 2027 as shown in Figure 4. Table 8 below shows the planned reactor to be built.

FIGURE 4. PROJECT FRAMEWORK OF INDONESA IN NPP DEVELOPMENT

Note: FS: Feasibility Study, GD: Government decision, OE; Owner Establishment, SC: Select Consultant, CP; Construction Permit (needs 24 months), POL: Professional Operation Licensing, OL: Operation Licensing (needs 18 months), BIS: Bid Information Specification, ITB: Invitation To Bid, ATP: Authorization To Proceed, A/E: Architect Engineering, URD: User Requirement Document, CHT: Cold Hydro Test, HFT: Hot Functional Test.

Commercial construction, operation, and decommissioning of nuclear reactor shall be performed by any company, State Company, co-operative, and/or private company, as mentioned in the Act No 10 of 1997. Regarding the operation of NPP, the operator should apply for license or permit from BAPETEN for each site, for construction, for commissioning, for operation and for decommissioning.

The owner is responsible for the type of contract suitable for the implementing each NPP project. Presently, no organization has been established to own the first NPP. A study report on project management for NPP done by BATAN and KHNP shows that turnkey contract approach is the suitable one for the first NPP project.

As it is the case for all industrial construction projects in Indonesia, local participation and local content should be maximized. Local participation in the construction of a nuclear power plant would mean the use of material and manpower resources within Indonesia. A latest study was carried out by BATAN and KHNP (Korea Hydro and Nuclear Power Co.) in year 2006, recommends the target for localization: 20% of equipment localization at the first 2 units (step-1), 50% at the next 4 units (step-2) and 70% at the other 4 units (step-3).

Policies and requirements for purchasing nuclear equipment and services are not considered yet, but it should follow any existing related regulations.

Funding scheme for the project is still under consideration. A study undertaken by BATAN, PLN and KHNP proposed a financing scheme and ownership structure for the first NPP in Indonesia. The funding for the construction of the first NPP may be a combination of long term loans and equity. The loan would be used mostly to finance procurement of foreign contents, most likely obtained from ECA (Export Credit Agency) and commercial bank through loan agreement with the ‘NPP company’ that could be owned by the government. Most of the equity portion would be used to finance local capital expenditure, such as land acquisition, professional fee, mobilization, certification, etc. The equity will be sourced partly from the public utility's own funds, which might be PLN or another state owned enterprise, and from private investors who can be partners.

Funding for spent fuel handling, waste management and decommissioning and final disposal is the responsibility of the owner.

Presently, an integrated system of electrical grid exists in Java-Bali-Madura and Sumatera. The Java-Bali-Madura system is interconnected with 500 kV and 150 kV lines, while Sumatra is interconnected with 275 kV and 150 kV lines. Power transmission in Jawa-Bali and Sumatera will be integrated. PT. PLN plans to expand the interconnection project through electricity transmission system of high voltage direct current/HVDC). The project starts constructed in 2013 and targeted to operate in 2017. The combining of the two trusted to have impact on cheap and efficient energy use. The interconnection system designed to distribute power 3,000 MW from Sumatera to Jawa-Bali. It will consist of converter station from AC power to DC in Muara Enim, South Sumatera. DC power will be converted again to AC (inverter station) in Bogor, West Java. In case of Bangka NPP is built, this power transmission integration will ease the electricity distribution from Sumatera to Jawa.

Currently, in Kalimantan Island, 150 kV line has interconnected the provinces of Central Kalimantan, South Kalimantan and East Kalimantan. However, West Kalimantan province is still isolated from the other provinces.

There are several locations in Indonesia have been identified as potential sites for NPPs. Figure 5 shows the location of each site and recent status regarding site survey of the site. They are in the Muria Peninsula, Banten and Bangka Island sites. All of the potential sites were located in a coastal line due to cooling water source availability.

In conducting the site survey and evaluation, IAEA guidance related to the safety and non-safety related aspects and other considerations are used as the basis for safety and non-safety analysis.

FIGURE 5 CURRENT STATUS OF NPP SITE STUDY IN INDONESIA

Muria Site

Feasibility Study for Muria Peninsula has been completed in 1996, identifying three (3) candidate sites i.e. Ujung Lemahabang (ULA), Ujung Watu (UW) and Ujung Grenggengan (UG). But only two sites which were selected as preferred site, namely ULA and UW. Site Evaluation of ULA preferred site has already been done by NEWJEC in year 1991-1996, while for UW preferred site, the evaluation has not done yet. Nonetheless, the development of whether in international guidance or national regulation, give rise to the necessity of further intensive investigation of ULA site mainly on volcanolgy, geotechnics and seismotectonics aspects. Figure 6 shows the main access road to the preferred sites.

FIGURE 6 TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE MURIA SITE

Banten Site

Based on preliminary study from year 2008 up until now, there are two potential sites in Banten site, namely Pulo Panjang and Kramatwatu-Bojonegara. This study covers regional and near-regional analysis. Both of the potential sites are characterized as safe from external hazard (volcanic, surface faulting, seismicity, extreme meteorology, and coastal flooding), are not located at the Pyroclastic Density Current (PDC) of the active volcano, the distance of supposed capable fault to the sites > 5 km, PGA value < 0.4 g. The area is not vulnerable to tornados and tropical cyclones, and is not flooded by tsunami waves caused by earthquake or volcanic eruption as was the case with Krakatoa (1883). The site is not inundated by sea level rise due to global warming (eustacy) in 100 year projection, and is not in urban and population center area and has a distance to outer border of population center > 1 km, and is safe from human activities that present a potential safety threat as initiating events.

FIGURE 7 TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE BANTEN SITE

Bangka Site

The feasibility study carried out in Bangka Island consists of three phases in three consecutive years from 2011-2013 as illustrated in Table 9. Based on the ongoing study, there are two interest areas in Bangka site that are Site-1: Teluk Manggris-Tanah Merah, Mentok, West Bangka Regency, and Site-2: Tj. Berani-Tj Krasak, Sebagin, Simpang Rimba, South Bangka Regency.

BANGKA SITE STUDIES PHASE

The interest area 1 can be reached from Pangkal Pinang through Kelapa by following a paved road for approximately 140 km, and then by continuing for about 4 to 6 km by unpaved road (of which only 3 km can only be accessed by car and the rest by motorcycle or by 4 wheel-drive vehicle). Interest area 2 can be reached from Pangkal Pinang through Sungai Selan, Bangka Kota, Simpang Rimba, Permis Village, Rajik Village and Sebakin Village by paved road of 83.5 km. There are 5 major harbors and one medium airport. Bangka site transport infrastructures are provided in Figure 8.

FIGURE 8 BANGKA SITE TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURES

Researches and development of nuclear science and technology are mainly implemented by BATAN. Nuclear R&D activities are classified into reactor safety, radiation safety, environmental safety, radiation and radioisotope application, and radioactive waste-management. R&D activities are implemented in several nuclear complexes as the following.

SERPONG NUCLEAR COMPLEX

There are many centres in the Serpong Nuclear Complex for research & development and engineering of nuclear science and technology that have been built with the objectives to support development of the nuclear industry and for preparation, development as well as the operation of Nuclear Power Plants in Indonesia.

The development of installations and laboratories of the Serpong Nuclear Complex had been conducted in 3 phases beginning in 1983 and fully completed in 1992. The area is about 25 hectares and is located in the National Center for Research of Science and Technology (PUSPIPTEK), Serpong.

The main facility in the area is the GA. Siwabessy Multipurpose Research Reactor with a power of 30 MWth. The Installation is used for Production of Research Reactor Fuel Element, Radioisotopes and Radiopharmaceuticals Installation, Experimental Fuel Element Installation, Radioactive Waste Processing Installation, Radiometallurgy Installation, Reactor Safety and Engineering Installation, Facility for Development of Informatics and Computation, Nuclear Mechano-Electronic Installation, Neutron Spectrometry Installation, as well as Storage for Spent Fuel Elements and Contaminated Materials Installation.

BANDUNG NUCLEAR COMPLEX

The Bandung Nuclear Complex was initially constructed in the early 1960s on an area of 3 hectares and where the first research reactor was built in Indonesia. The activities conducted cover the utilization of the reactor for research and fostering of expertise, R&D of basic materials, radioisotopes and labelled compounds, instrumentation and radiometry analysis techniques, supervision of occupational radiation safety and environment.

In addition, nuclear medicine firstly developed in Bandung nuclear complex was the embryo of nuclear medicine in Indonesia. The activities of nuclear medicine are then further developed in several hospitals in Indonesia.

In order to support the R&D activities, the Bandung Nuclear Complex utilizes various facilities, among others, the Triga Mark II Reactor which started with a power of 250 kW in 1965. The power of this reactor was increased to 1000 kW in 1971 and further to 2000 kW in the year 2000.

Other facilities in this area are the laboratory for physics, chemistry and biology, production of isotopes and labelled compounds.

YOGYAKARTA NUCLEAR COMPLEX

The Yogyakarta Nuclear Complex was established in 1974 on an area of 8.5 hectares. The Center for Technology of Accelerator and Material Process and the Polytechnic Institute of Nuclear Technology are located within this area.

The activities conducted cover R&D in nuclear physics, chemistry, technology of low and medium energy particle accelerator, process technology, analysis of nuclear materials and reactor, as well as the use of the reactor for research and fostering of expertise.

In addition, supervision of occupational radiation safety and of environmental radioactivity is also conducted. Meanwhile the Polytechnic Institute of Nuclear Technology conducts programmes of education in the field of nuclear science and technology.

The facilities in this area are the Kartini Research with a power of 100 kW, complemented with a subcritical assembly, a laboratory for pure materials research, accelerators, laboratories for nuclear physics and chemistry, a work safety and health facility, library facilities, as well as laboratory facilities for education.

PASAR JUM'AT NUCLEAR COMPLEX

The Pasar Jum'at Nuclear Complex was built in 1966 in an area of about 20 hectares. In this area, Center for Application of Isotope and Radiation Technology, Center for Technology of Radiation Safety and Metrology, Center for Development of Nuclear Geology, Center for Education and Training and Center for Dissemination of Nuclear Science and Technology are located.

In this area, among others are the following facilities: 3 units of Co-60 Gamma Irradiators, 2 electron beam machines, laboratory for uranium processing, radiation measuring equipment, chemistry, biology, process and hydrology, education and training facility as well as a permanent exhibition for nuclear science and technology.

MONITORING STATIONS FOR MICRO-EARTHQUAKES AND METEOROLOGY JEPARA - CENTRAL JAVA AND BANGKA ISLAND

Since 1982 a monitoring station for Micro-Earthquakes and Meteorology has been built and operated in the Ujung Watu village in Jepara - Central Java. The micro-earthquakes monitoring station records the earthquake data originating from volcanic as well as tectonic earthquakes, whereas the meteorology station is applied to record air pressure, wind speed and direction, air temperature, humidity and solar radiation.

In addition, since 2011 a comparable facility has been built in Bangka Island to record the data of micro-earthquakes and meteorology on the Bangka site. There are 10 micro-earthquakes monitoring stations and two meteorology monitoring stations.

Indonesia is willing to participate in the development of nuclear reactor system through INPRO project. There is also a plan to develop HTR design with co-generation purposes.

Indonesia has signed a number of international agreements as well as conducted bilateral and multilateral cooperations in the field of nuclear power development. A complete list of international agreements and cooperations is provided in Appendix 1.

Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency (BAPETEN) is a non-Department Government Institution (LPND) which is under and responsible to the President. BAPETEN has the tasks of implementing the surveillance of all activities involving the use of nuclear energy in Indonesia through regulation, licensing and inspection in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. BAPETEN was founded on May 8, 1998 and began actively working on January 4, 1999.

Role & Responsibility of the Regulatory Body

BAPETEN, as an independent regulatory body, has responsibility to ensure that any activity related to the use of any nuclear energy is performed to maintain the safety, security, and peace, as well as the health of the workers and the public, and also the protection of the environment. These are administered by:

1. Drafting and establishing nuclear safety regulations

2. Controlling nuclear installations and nuclear materials through licensing and inspection systems that covered all stages of NPP establishment (from site evaluation to decommissioning stages);

3. Controlling the use of radioactive materials and other radiation sources through licensing and inspection systems.

FIGURE 9. ORGANIZATION CHART OF THE REGULATORY BODY

The primary objective of the regulatory body is to ensure that workers, the public and the environment are protected from possible adverse effects arising from nuclear activity. In order to achieve these objectives, BAPETEN has responsibility in:

1. the rule-making of national policy in the field of the control of nuclear energy utilization;

2. the planning of national programme in the field of the control of nuclear energy utilization;

3. the guidance and the rule-making and the implementation of nuclear safety, radiation safety, and safeguards assessments;

4. the implementation of licensing and inspection to the development and the operation of nuclear reactor, nuclear installation, nuclear material facility, radiation source, and the development of nuclear preparedness;

5. the implementation of co-operation in the field of control of nuclear energy utilization with other Government agencies or organizations either internally or externally to the Government of Indonesia;

6. the implementation of safeguards and SSAC (State's system on accounting for and control of nuclear material);

7. the implementation of the guidance and counseling for the effort that related to the safety and health of the worker and the people, and the effort of environmental conservation.

Organization of the Regulatory Body

BAPETEN is headed by a chairman assisted by two deputies and one executive secretariat. It has seven directorates, 2 centres for assessment, three bureaus, and one inspectorate, as shown in Figure 9 above. According to Decree No.01/K-OTK/VIII-1998 the Chairman of BAPETEN shall directly report to the President.

Based on government Regulation No. 2 in 2014 on Nuclear Installation Licensing and Nuclear Fuel Utilization, instead of Government Regulation No. 43 in 2006, the construction and operation of a nuclear reactor can be performed after obtaining a license from BAPETEN. The license will be issued in the following stages: Site Permit, Construction Permit, Operating Licence, and Decommissioning Permit. There are two procedures for obtaining a license, which are as the follows:

Five stage licensing procedure and evaluation period:

1. Site Permit/Licence (2 years)

2. Construction Permit/Licence (2 years)

3. Commissioning Permit/Licence (1 year)

4. Operating Licence (2 years)

5. Decommissioning Permit (1 years)

The diagram of the Entire Licensing Process is shown in Figure 10 below.

 FIGURE 10. DIAGRAM OF THE ENTIRE LICENSING PROCESS