Note: The content of this section, including Tables 1 and 2, has been removed by the IAEA to better focus the report on nuclear power.

1.2.1. Estimated available energy

1.2.2. Energy Statistics

1.2.3. Energy policy

1.3.1. Electricity policy and decision making process

1.3.2. Structure of electric power sector

1.3.3. Main indicators

2.1.1. Overview

2.1.2. Current organizational chart

2.2.1. Status and performance of nuclear power plants

2.2.2. Plant upgrading, plant life management and license renewals

2.3.1. Nuclear power development strategy

2.3.2. Project management

2.3.3. Project funding

2.3.4. Electric grid development

2.3.5. Site Selection

Architect Engineers

The Spanish Engineering Companies which have played an important role in the National Nuclear Sector are Empresarios Agrupados, Initec, Inypsa and Sener. These companies have collaborated solely or in consortium with others in launching the first generation NPPs and in successive projects, increasing progressively the nuclear installed capacity. The first NPPs were carried out as turn-key projects and only in the following projects were local engineering companies involved. The scope of each project has been different, having the engineering companies focused on different activities such as design, licensing, procurement operations and collaboration in start-up and in tests. At this moment, as there are no NPPs under construction, these Architect Engineers companies have concentrated on operational support, shutdown and decommissioning of NPPs, research and development and radioactive waste engineering activities.

Other companies to include in this category are Iberdrola Ingeniería y Construcción, S.A.U or Técnicas Reunidas, S.A among others. Their increasing international presence has become one of their main traits.

NSSS Manufacturers and Component Suppliers

The main Spanish NSSS manufacturer is Equipos Nucleares, S.A. (ENSA), which designs, produces and inspects NPPs primary circuit equipment and components. Its manufacturing plant is located in Maliańo (Cantabria). This company is State owned through the SEPI, which controls 100% of its shares. ENSA is also constructing double purpose casks, called ENSA-DPT, to store and/or transport spent fuel assemblies.

ENSA has provided primary circuit equipment (steam generators, reactor vessels, etc.) and components to the second and third generation Spanish NPPs and has exported to several countries as Germany, Argentina, United Kingdom, India, United States of America, Belgium and others.

In 2007, ENSA formed, along with ENUSA, Tecnatom and Ringo Válvulas, the Spanish Nuclear Group for China (SNGC), whose aims is the marketing and supply of nuclear products and services abroad, particularly in China.

Other Component Suppliers

The last NPPs built in Spain contained a large range of domestically made equipment and components. The following list of national manufacturers aims to be useful and includes some of the main companies:

Turbines: Eumynsa.

Pumps: Chepro, Amara (100% Iberdrola), Vorkauf.

Air compressor: Abrasivos y Maquinaria.

Valves: Masoneilan, Ringo Válvulas.

Electric equipments: Cantarey Reinosa, Gamesa.

Instrumentation & Control: Indra Sistemas, TSI.

Operators

The majority of the Spanish NPPs are under co-ownership, and managed by Economic Interest Groupings (Agrupaciones de Interés Económico, AIEs). Table 8 shows the different owners and operators of Spanish NPPs:

TABLE 8. OWNERS AND OPERATORS OF SPANISH NPPS

NPP	License Owner	Operator
Cofrentes	Iberdrola Generación, S.A.	Iberdrola Generación, S.A.
Sta. MŞ de Garońa	Nuclenor, S.A. (Iberdrola Generación, S.A. 50%; ENDESA Generación, S.A. 50%)	Nuclenor, S.A.
Almaraz I Almaraz II	Iberdrola Generación, S.A. (52.7%); ENDESA Generación, S.A. (36%); Gas Natural SDG, S.A.(1) (11.3%)	Centrales Nucleares Almaraz-Trillo, A.I.E.
Trillo	Iberdrola Generación, S.A. (48%); Gas Natural SDG, S.A (34.5%); Hidrocantábrico energía, S.A. (15.5%); Nuclenor, S.A. (2%)
Ascó I	ENDESA Generación, S.A.	Asociación Nuclear Ascó-Vandellós, A.I.E.
Ascó II	ENDESA Generación, S.A. (85%); Iberdrola Generación, S.A. (15%)
Vandellós II	ENDESA Generación, S.A. (72%); Iberdrola Generación, S.A. (28%)

Operation Service Suppliers

There are several companies who offer operational services in the nuclear sector, such as TECNATOM (compromised by the principal electricity companies), Idom, LAINSA, ENWESA (compromised by ENSA (75%) and Westinghouse Technology Services (25%)) and NUSIM.

TECNATOM provides training services to NPP operating personnel. It has PWR and BWR simulators. TECNATOM has also carried out several in-service inspection and maintenance activities giving support to the Spanish NPPs, and it is expanding its international presence to East Europe, Russian Federation and Ukraine. LAINSA, ENWESA and NUSIM are focusing on maintenance and operational support to NPPs, quality assurance, radiological protection and various activities.

According to article 38 bis of the Nuclear Energy Act, in the wording done by Law 11/2009, of October 26^th, management of radioactive wastes, including spent fuel, and the dismantling and decommissioning of nuclear installations (NPPs included) is an essential public service corresponding exclusively to the State, and commissioned to the company ENRESA. In this respect, ENRESA is constituted as a vehicle and technical service of the Administration, responsible for carrying out whatever functions might be assigned to it by the Government.

Royal Decree 1349/2003, of October 31^st, also establishes that the responsibility for the management of operations deriving from the decommissioning of NPPs corresponds to ENRESA. For its part, the Nuclear and Radioactive Facilities Regulation (Royal Decree 1836/1999, of December 3^rd, as amended) indicates that on expiry of the operation permit of a nuclear facility, the responsibility for its decommissioning is initially to the licensee of the installation who, prior to the granting of the decommissioning authorisation, undertakes the pre-dismantling activities. In order for this authorisation to be granted, the licensee of the operation license must previously have conditioned the radioactive waste generated during its operation, and unloaded the fuel from the reactor and from the pools. Once the ownership is transferred to ENRESA, it is responsible for the performance of the dismantling and decommissioning activities.

To date, two nuclear units have been shut down: Vandellós I (in 1990) and José Cabrera (in 2006).

• The Vandellós I NPP, a 480 MWe gas graphite reactor commissioned in 1972, ceased its operation in 1990. In January 1998 the former Ministry of Industry and Energy authorized activities of plant dismantling. From 2003, the plant is in latency period, after having reached level 2 of dismantling: the non-released parts of the site will remain under the responsibility and surveillance of ENRESA. This situation will be maintained for 25 years, a period during which the radiological activity of the internal structures of the reactor box will decay to approximately 5% of the initial value.

  On completion of the latency period, around 2028, the last level dismantling will begin, including removal of the reactor box and its internals and the complete release of the site

• Since the beginning of May 2006, José Cabrera NPP remains shutdown in compliance with Order ITC/1652/2006, of April 20^th, of the former MITYC, which declared the definitive shutdown of the plant. The authorisation for dismantling and the transfer of license ownership to ENRESA was granted by means of Order ITC/204/2010, of February 1^st, of the MITYC. The dismantling is expected to be finished in 2016.

An Individual Temporary Storage Facility (ITSF) is in operation since 2008. In 2009, the spent fuel housed in the NPP pool (377 fuel assemblies) was loaded into 12 dry storage casks that were taken to its ITSF.

Activities related to fuel cycle can be classified into front-end and back-end activities:

Front End Activities:

The front end of the nuclear fuel cycle is understood to include the processes relating to the production of nuclear energy, among them the acquisition and application of the nuclear materials used in operating nuclear reactors. The front-end activities are mining and milling, uranium conversion, uranium enrichment and the manufacturing of fuel assemblies:

• Mining and milling: There are no mining installations in operation in Spain. Due to the lower uranium market price, ENUSA’s mining activities in Saelices el Chico (Salamanca) were stopped at the end of 2000. The former uranium mining and milling facilities are at different stages of decommissioning and environmental restoration of the sites is ongoing. The decommissioning of the Quercus uranium concentrates manufacturing plant of Saelices El Chico (Salamanca) is expected to start shortly. The uranium concentrates from ENUSA comes from COMINAK and from several foreign companies. COMINAK is a company from Niger, owned by several foreign companies including ENUSA, which holds 10% of its shares.

• Uranium conversion and enrichment: There are no uranium conversion and enrichment facilities in Spain. ENUSA owns 11% of Eurodif, a European consortium with enrichment factories in France. ENUSA is in charge of uranium, enrichment and conversion services contracting, for the supply of enriched uranium to the Spanish nuclear reactors, acting as a procurement manager. ENUSA has signed several contracts with companies abroad for these activities.

• Fuel fabrication: ENUSA operates a nuclear fuel manufacturing plant located in Juzbado (Salamanca) that produces fuel elements for most PWRs and BWRs in Spain (all, except for Trillo NPP) and for some reactors abroad. In 2012, 918 fuel assemblies were manufactured, which in all are equivalent to 357.4 tons of uranium. Of the total production, 690 fuel assemblies containing 252.1 tU have been exported to Belgium, France, Sweden and Germany, representing around 75% of the total production.

Back End Activities:

The back end of the nuclear fuel cycle is understood to include the processes relating to the interim storage of spent fuel, waste management, reprocessing and ultimate disposal. In Spain, except for the reprocessing, these activities are undertaken by ENRESA, a State owned company, which was set up in 1984. Spain has opted for an open cycle for the nuclear spent fuel, which means that the spent fuel remains temporarily stored in the plant pools, complemented with other transitory storage systems, pending its final management. Reprocessing is not undertaken in Spain, although, in the past, Spain initially opted for the reprocessing of spent fuel from some NPPs, and their spent fuel was sent abroad for reprocessing. As a result of this, various intermediate and high level wastes resulting from reprocessing are to be returned to Spain in the following years.

As commented above, ENRESA is in charge of the radioactive waste management activities and the dismantling of nuclear installations, as established in the Nuclear Energy Act, as amended by Law 11/2009 (for detailed information, see section 2.6). The tutelage of ENRESA corresponds to the MINETUR, via the Secretariat of State for Energy. The State is the owner of radioactive wastes once they have been definitively disposed of. Likewise, it shall undertake whatever surveillance might be required following the decommissioning of a nuclear facility, following the period of time established in the corresponding declaration of decommissioning.

On the other hand, the Government is responsible for establishing the policy regarding radioactive waste management, including spent nuclear fuel, and the dismantling and decommissioning of nuclear facilities, through the approval of the General Radioactive Waste Plan (GRWP).

ENRESA is assigned the following duties:

• Radioactive waste treatment and conditioning.

• Searching for locations, design, construction and operation of interim and final storage centres for high, medium and low level radioactive wastes.

• Management of the different operations related to the decommissioning of nuclear and radioactive installations.

• Establishing systems for collecting, transferring and transporting radioactive wastes.

• Giving support to civil protection services in case of nuclear emergencies.

• Final and safe conditioning of wastes derived from the mining and milling processes.

• Assuring of the long-term management of every radioactive waste storage facility.

• Carrying out the appropriate technical and economic studies, considering the deferred costs and to outline the proper economic policy.

ENRESA operates a medium and low-level radioactive waste disposal facility located in “El Cabril” (Córdoba), in operation since 1992. On July 21^st 2008, the MINETUR granted the license of a new very low level waste disposal facility situated in the same site, consisting of 4 cells with a total capacity of 130,000 m³. For the time being, only one cell with a total capacity of 33,000 m³ has been constructed and is operating.

As established by Royal Decree 1349/2003, ENRESA draws up a review of the GRWP, and forwards it to the MINETUR. According to law, the GRWP is then submitted for approval to the Government, following a report by the Nuclear Safety Council and after having heard the Autonomous Communities in relation to land planning and environment.

The GRWP itself is the basic reference document that deals with all the strategies and actions to be undertaken in Spain in the different fields of radioactive waste management and the dismantling of facilities, along with the corresponding economic-financial study. On June 23^rd 2006 the Spanish Government approved the 6th GRWP. The basic reference scenario therein established may be summarized as follows:

• Current nuclear fleet with 6 NPP’s in operation (8 reactors). The installed electrical power as of December 31^st, 2005, 7,876 MWe, was reduced to 7,716 MWe as a result of the definitive shutdown of José Cabrera NPP on April 30^th, 2006.

• 40 years service lifetime for the 6 operating NPP’s with a production rate similar to that existing at present.

• Open fuel cycle; i.e., the option of reprocessing the spent fuel is not contemplated.

• Total dismantling (Level 3) of the light water NPP’s, to be initiated 3 years after their definitive shutdown.

On the basis of the abovementioned scenario as described in the GRWP, the total volume of radioactive waste to be managed in Spain, conditioned and ready for definitive disposal at the ENRESA installations at “El Cabril”, will be some 176,300 m³ In the case of the LILW, this also includes those wastes that in view of their very low levels of activity may be managed specifically (VLLW). Furthermore, the volume of wastes not open to disposal at “El Cabril” would amount, following encapsulation, to some 12,800 m³, of which 10,000 m³ would be spent fuel (6,674 tU) and the rest other intermediate or high level wastes from reprocessing or the dismantling of the NPPs.

In terms of High Level Wastes (HLW), the spent fuel from the majority of the Spanish NPPs in operation is currently stored in the pools of the corresponding plants. In view of the forthcoming saturation of the storage capacity of these pools, the original racks were progressively replaced with other more compact units, allowing the deferral, in most cases, of providing additional storage capacity to the pools. However, a storage facility (an ITSF) for Trillo NPP has been in operation since 2002, and two ITSFs for both Ascó I and Ascó II NPPs were licensed in April 2013.

The basic Spanish strategy for the management of spent fuel (SF) and HLW focuses on their temporary storage, on the basis of a dry storage system guaranteeing the safety and protection of people and the environment over the time periods required for their definitive or long term management.

Specifically, the solution proposed, in view of the analyses performed from the technical, strategic and economical points of view, is based on the availability of a vault type Centralised Temporary Storage Facility (CTSF, in Spanish ATC) whose operating period would be some 60 years. From the point of view of economic calculation and planning, it has been assumed that a definitive disposal facility could be put into operation around 2050, which would house the SF, the HLW and those other intermediate activity wastes that cannot be sent to the “El Cabril” facility.

With respect to the ATC for SF and HLW, the MINETUR published on December 29^th 2009 in the Official Journal, a Resolution by which a public call for the selection of candidate municipalities to host the ATC was launched. The project will include a storage facility able to accept 6,700 tU of SF, as well as all other RW which are not suitable for disposal at “El Cabril” disposal site. In addition, a Technology Centre is to be built in order to assure the technologies and knowledge for SF and HLW for final management following ENRESA’s R&D Plan. The investment, in the range of €900 million, will last 19 years in three phases. The project consists of a dry storage system with 12 vaults and natural convection air cooling. In 2006, the Nuclear Safety Council gave its favourable consideration to the generic design.

Municipalities had one month to present their applications, which included a formal decision of the City Council. 14 applications were presented, out of them 8 were considered to comply with the criteria established in the public call. A great number of allegations were presented within the period established in the call; and a report on the assessment of the allegations was published. In September 2010, based on the sites suggested by the candidates, the final assessment report proposing the sites to host the ATC was approved by the Interministerial Commission created in 2006 for this purpose, and referred to the Government. Finally, in December 2011, the Government selected the candidature of "Villar de Cańas" (province of Cuenca) as the selected site for the ATC, by means of an Agreement of the Cabinet of Ministers. All the information on this process is published in http://www.emplazamientoatc.es.

Further steps towards the operation of the facility will be the development of the detailed design, the licensing of the facility and its subsequent construction. As for the licensing process, the first step will be ENRESA’s request for the preliminary and construction authorizations, which, according to the Nuclear and Radioactive Facilities Regulation, can be granted jointly. The preliminary authorization requires an Environmental Impact Statement, which will be carried out jointly with the authorisation.

To date, ENRESA has acquired the properties, which include a 55-hectare lot for the installation and laboratories and another one measuring 6 hectares that will house a business incubator to support the project and favour economic development in the region. In addition, the site characterization works have begun, which includes everything from soil studies to demographic analyses, which will complete previous works already done. ENRESA has recently awarded the contracts for the main engineering works, in three different lots.

According to planning, the facility and the nuclear fuel laboratory could be operational in the second half of 2017.

2.8.1. R&D organizations

2.8.2. Development of advanced nuclear technologies

2.8.3. International co-operation and initiatives

Nuclear Engineering and Master Programmes are active in three universities and CIEMAT. In Spain, the good quality of the Spanish nuclear education has been certified by the Spanish National Accreditation Agency (ANECA). The Polytechnic University of Madrid (UPM) has received the ANECA Quality Award for its Masters in Nuclear Science and Technology. Furthermore, the Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC) has launched a new Master in Nuclear Technology in collaboration with one of the Spanish utilities (ENDESA).

Apart from universities, research institutes have been very active in education and training activities. A one-year Master in Nuclear Technology and Applications has been established by CIEMAT. Nuclear Research is also conducted in other research institutes involved with education programmes and the tutoring of doctoral theses, whose collaboration with other national and international institutions (e.g. universities such as Nevada or Penn State) have enhanced an increasing mobility and have attracted new students who will compensate for the rising need of human resources in the field.

It is also worth mentioning the important role played by the Nuclear Industry Forum and the Spanish Nuclear Society (SNE) regarding education and training: seminars, Summer Schools and the provision of grants and prizes for students.

Finally, in order to contribute to ensuring that NPPs and other industrial facilities have optimally qualified operations, maintenance, engineering and technical support personnel whose performance serves to improve safety, availability and economic efficiency, TECNATOM provides overall training services in the following fields:

• Process technology

• Operation and maintenance

• Materials, non-destructive testing

• Human factors

• Management skills

Similarly, the engineering company Empresarios Agrupados and CIEMAT are also setting up new training programmes.

Stakeholder communication is present in the activities performed by the different organisations related to nuclear energy.

The Nuclear Safety Council’s most important mission is to guarantee that people and the environment are protected against radiation, but an essential part of this objective includes working with maximum transparency to ensure that the public is duly informed. The obligations for the Council regarding information and communication are channelled along three routes: information for the state institutions, in the neighbourhood of nuclear installations, and for the general public

With respect to communication, one of the most important means is its website (http://www.csn.es), which provides interest groups and the general public with documents offering detailed information on the work done, including the minutes of the plenary meetings, inspection reports and other useful information, such as publications, current regulations, replies to parliamentary questions, operating status of NPPs, events reported by the licensees and the environmental values collected. Furthermore, since 2007 it is possible to access the Integrated Plant Supervision System (SISC), which has become a fundamental tool with respect to the transparency of communication with the public on the assessment of NPP performance and the planning of its regulatory efforts.

In addition, Law 33/2007, of November 7^th, which modified the Law 15/1980 creating the Nuclear Safety Council, was very ambitious as regards public information, the objective clearly being to increase the transparency of the organisation and promote confidence among the members of the public regarding the activities of the Council. The Law also contemplates the existence of an Advisory Committee for Public Information and Participation, made up of representatives of various social organisations and institutions, the mission of which is to make recommendations to improve transparency and propose measures to stimulate access to information and the participation of the public in areas for which the Council is responsible.

The MINETUR also provides information through its web page (http://www.minetur.gob.es). It provides that, prior to the granting of most of the licences for nuclear installations, the corresponding documentation must be transferred to the Autonomous Communities with responsibilities in relation to land planning and the environment whose territory houses the facility. Within the arrangements for the request for the preliminary license of a NPP, a specific public information process is envisaged. According to the Nuclear and Radioactive Facilities Regulation, the MINETUR will send a copy of the request to the respective regional Government Office for the latter to open a period of public information, this being initiated through the publication in the Official State Gazette and that of the corresponding Autonomous Community of an extract announcement setting out the objective and the main characteristics of the facility. This announcement shall establish that those persons and entities that consider themselves to be affected by the project may, within 30 days, present whatever written allegations they deem to be appropriate. As for nuclear regulatory matters, the MINETUR publishes in its web page the bills and other general regulation provisions projects as part of the legislative process.

The Nuclear and Radioactive Facilities Regulation contemplates the operation of local information committees, which are forums for information and public participation whose objective is to provide information and education for the local population on nuclear safety and radiation protection, for which an annual meeting is held. It is presided over by the MINETUR.

As for environmental matters, Spain ratified in 2004 the Aarhus Convention, which is materialised in the national legislation through Law 27/2006, of July 18^th, regulating rights of access to information, public participation and access to justice in relation to environmental issues.

3.1.1. Regulatory authority(s)

3.1.2. Licensing Process

In Spain, nuclear power is governed by a large number of provisions in the form of Laws, Royal Decrees and Ministerial Orders. In a more detailed level, the CSN approves instructions, which are binding technical standards, as well as other non binding documents.

The main provisions are the following:

• The Nuclear Energy Act, as amended (Law 25/1964, of April 29^th, on Nuclear Energy; Official State Gazette 04.05.1964). It defines basic concepts: identification of administrative authorities and organisations, system of authorisations of nuclear and radioactive facilities and for the possession and use of radioactive materials, measures for safety and protection against ionising radiation, nuclear third party liability for nuclear damages or sanctions regime. This law was modified in 2009 by Law 11/2009, of October 26^th (Official State Gazette 27.10.2009) in order to regulate some provisions related to the radioactive waste management, which are detailed in other sections of this document.

• The regulatory body (CSN) is governed by the provisions of Law 15/1980, of April 22^nd, creating the Nuclear Safety Council (Official State Gazette 25.04.1980), and by its Statute, approved by Royal Decree 1440/2010, of November 5^th (Official State Gazette 22.11.2010). Several acts and regulations have amended some of the initial provisions, particularly Law 14/1999, of May 4^th, governing Public Tariffs and Prices for its services (Official State Gazette 05.05.1999). Law 15/1980 was extensively amended by Law 33/2007, of November 7^th (Official State Gazette 08.11.2007) in order to take into account: the acquired experience during the last years, add all the amendments from 1980, adapt it to the increasing social sensibility related to environment, add the required mechanisms that manage to guarantee the effective independence and reinforce both transparency and efficiency of such Council.

• The Nuclear Energy Act has been developed by Royal Decree 1836/1999, of December 3^rd, approving the Nuclear and Radioactive Facilities Regulation (Official State Gazette 31.12.1999) and by Royal Decree 783/2001, of July 6^th, which formulates the Regulation of Sanitary Protection against Ionised Radiation (Official State Gazette 26.07.2001), and substitutes the previous one, in force since 1992. Nuclear and Radioactive Facilities Regulation was extensively amended by Royal Decree 35/2008, of January 18^th, (Official State Gazette 18.02.2008). For its part, Royal Decree 783/2001 has been recently amended by Royal Decree 1439/2010, of November 5^th (Official State Gazette 18.11.2010), in order to modify some provisions related to natural sources of ionising radiation.

• In addition to the Nuclear and Radioactive Facilities Regulation, there are other more specific Regulations governing radioactive substance or facilities, in particular Royal Decree 1085/2009, of July 3^rd, approving the Regulation on the installation and use of medical diagnosis X-ray devices (Official State Gazette 18.07.2009), or Royal Decree 229/2006, of February 24^th, on the control of high activity encapsulated radioactive sources and orphan sources (Official State Gazette 28.02.2006).

• In addition to the Regulation of Sanitary Protection against Ionised Radiation, the Spanish legislation includes other standards relating to radiation protection, in particular: Royal Decree 1132/1990, of September 14^th, which establishes fundamental measures for the radiological protection of persons submitted to medical examinations and treatments (Official State Gazette 18.09.1990); Royal Decree 413/1997, of March 21^st, on operational protection of off-site workers exposed to ionising radiations as a result of their intervention in the controlled zone (Official State Gazette 16.04.1997); or Royal Decree 815/2001, of July 13^th, on justification of the use of ionising radiations for the radiological protection of persons submitted to medical exposures (Official State Gazette 14.07.2001).

• The provisions related with nuclear fuel cycle, initially contained in a Royal Decree of 1979, are at present covered by different legal texts. Royal Decree 1464/1999, of September 17^th (Official State Gazette 05.10.1999), governs the front-end of nuclear fuel cycle and tends to liberalize the supplies, according to Law 54/1997, of November 27^th, on the Electric Sector (Official State Gazette 28.11.1997).

• Several Acts and Decrees are applicable to the back end of the fuel cycle (apart from the Nuclear Energy Act), among others the following:

• Royal Decree 1349/2003, of October 31^st, on regulation of ENRESA activities and funding (Official State Gazette 08.11.2003). This Royal Decree will be repealed by a new Royal Decree that will transpose Council Directive 2011/70/EURATOM, of 19 July 2011, establishing a Community framework for the responsible and safe management of spent fuel and radioactive waste.

• The sixth additional provision of Law 54/1997, of November 27^th, on the Electric Sector (Official State Gazette 28.11.1997), amended by Law 11/2009 (Official State Gazette 27.10.2009), regulates the fund for the financing of radioactive waste and spent fuel management, including the dismantling and decommissioning of nuclear facilities, known as the “Fund for the financing of activities included in the General Radioactive Waste Plan”.

• Civil nuclear liability for nuclear damage, currently regulated under the Nuclear Energy Act, is ruled in accordance with the principles on International Conventions in this field in which Spain is Contracting Party (Paris and Brussels Conventions). In year 2004, these Conventions were modified. In order to adapt these amendments to Spanish legislation, Law 12/2011, of May 27^th, on civil liability for nuclear damage or damage caused by radioactive materials (Official State Gazette 28.05.2011), will regulate, when the amendment of the Conventions will enter intro force, the civil liability for nuclear damage in Spain (the entry into force of the Law is subject to the entry into force of the 2004 Protocols that amend both Conventions). In the past years, the amount imposed to operators to cover the civil liability has been modified in accordance with the OECD recommendations. Currently, this amount is established in of 700 million euros, according to the modifications introduced by Law 17/2007. A lower limit can be imposed by the MINETUR to installations and transports of lower risk, provided that the amount is not inferior to 30 million euros. Law 12/2011 will impose an obligation upon the operators of 1 200 million euros.

• Spanish regime in relation to safeguards and non-proliferation is governed by the Euratom Regulation nş 302/2005, which enacts chapter VII on the control of security of the Euratom Treaty. The Additional Protocol to the Safeguards Agreement signed jointly between State, EURATOM and the IAEA, is adapted by means of Royal Decree 1206/2003, of September 19^th, for the application of the commitments undertaken by the Spanish State in the Additional Protocol to the Safeguards Agreement deriving from the Treaty on the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons (Official State Gazette 08.10.2003).

• As for physical protection, Royal Decree 1308/2011, of September 26^th, on physical protection of installations and radioactive materials, and of radioactive sources (Official State Gazette 07.10.2011), incorporates into Spanish legislation the commitments accepted by Spain on physical protection matters, particularly the Amendment to the Convention on the physical protection of nuclear materials (approved in July 2005), the International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism (ratified in January 2007), and the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540 of 2004 on no proliferation of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons. It repeals the former Royal Decree 158/1995, of February 3^rd, on the physical protection of nuclear materials.

• The commercial regime for imports and exports is determined by the EU regulations and specific national legislation, as Law 53/2007, of December 28^th, on the control of overseas trading of defence and dual-use materials (Official State Gazette 29.12.2007), and developed by Royal Decree 2061/2008, of December 12^th (Official State Gazette 07.01.2009).

• Mining regime is regulated by the Mines Act (Act 22/1973), of July 21^st, (Official State Gazette 24.07.1973), and by Royal Decree 2857/1978, of August 25^th, approving the General Regulation for the Mining Sector (Official State Gazette 11.12.1978), as well as by the Nuclear Energy Act.

• As for emergency response, the planning and preparation for nuclear emergency situations is regulated basically by the Basic Nuclear Emergency Plan (PLABEN), approved by Royal Decree 1546/2004, of June 25^th (Official State Gazette 14.07.2004), and modified by Royal Decree 1428/2009, of September 11^th (Official State Gazette 12.09.2009), and by the Nuclear and Radioactive Facilities Regulation.

• Transport of radioactive materials is regulated in a great number of provisions, including, among others, the Nuclear Energy Act, the Nuclear and Radioactive Facilities Regulation, as well as other more specific standards applicable to the transport of hazardous goods:

• Transports by road: Royal Decree 551/2006, of May 5^th, regulating road transport operations with hazardous goods in the Spanish territory (Official State Gazette 12.05.2006), incorporates the provisions of the European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR).

• Rail transports: Royal Decree 412/2001, of April 20^th, regulating some aspects relating to the transport of hazardous good by rail (Official State Gazette 08.01.2001), incorporates the provisions of the Regulation concerning the International Carriage of Goods by Rail (RID).

• Air transports: National Regulation on the transport without risk of hazardous goods by air, approved by Royal Decree 1749/1984, of August 1^st (Official State Gazette 02.10.1984), incorporates the provisions contained in the Technical Instructions for the transport without risk of hazardous good by air of the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO).

• Maritime transports: The International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code (Official State Gazette 21.12.2005), published by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), and the National Admission, Handling and Storage Regulation for hazardous goods at ports, approved by Royal Decree 145/1989, of January 20^th (Official State Gazette 13.02.1989). In compliance with the latter, ports must have an internal emergency Plan.

All technical provisions of radioactive material transport contained in the aforementioned Regulations are founded in the safety standard of the IAEA “Regulations for the safe transport of radioactive materials”.

• As for taxes applicable to nuclear installations or activities, Law 15/2012, of December 27^th, on fiscal measures for energy sustainability (Official State Gazette 28.12.2012), has introduced two new taxes applicable in the national territory: The tax on the production of spent fuel and radioactive waste as a consequence of the nuclear energy generation, and the tax on spent fuel and radioactive waste storage in centralized installations.

Espańa Anuario Estadístico (various years). INE.

World Bank Data.

Boletín Estadístico de Hidrocarburos (various years).

La energía en Espańa (various years) Ministerio de Industria, Energía y Turismo.

Instituto para la diversificación y ahorro de la energía (IDAE, http://www.idae.es).

Sixth General Radioactive Waste Plan (June 006) (http://www.enresa.es/files/multimedios/ing_6pgrr_indexed.pdf).

IAEA Power Reactor Information System (PRIS).

Spanish Power Nuclear Power Plants in 2012-UNESA.

El sistema eléctrico espańol (various years).

Nuclear Legislation in OECD Countries – Report Spain (http://www.oecd-nea.org/law/legislation/spain.pdf).

Survey of Energy Resources 2010 (Wold Energy Council).

Nuclear Education and Training: From Concern to Capability (NEA, 2012).

La Industria Nuclear Espańola (Foro de la Industria Nuclear Espańola, 2011).

In 1985, Spain adhered to the Treaties that constitute the European Communities and in January 1^st 1986 Spain became a European Communities Member State. From this moment, international and national legislation applicable in Spain is accomplished according to the rules of the European Union.

Moreover, Spain is a Member State of the IAEA and of the OECD/NEA, whose Constitutive Treaties, Conventions and additional Treaties have been ratified.



Area	Treaty	Document	Signature	Spanish Signature	Effect Date	Effect Date for Spain
Euratom	Euratom		25.03.1957		01.01.1958	01.01.1986
Safeguards	NPT (Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty)	INFCIRC/140	01.07.1968		05.03.1970	05.11.1987
	Agreement between the European Atomic Energy Community and the Agency in implementation of Article III (1) and (4) of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons	INFCIRC/193	05.04.1973		21.02.1977	05.04.1989
	Protocol additional to the Agreement between the European Atomic Energy Community and the International Atomic Energy Agency for the Application of Safeguards	GOV/1998/30	22.09.1998	22.09.1998	30.04.2004	30.04.2004
Physical Protection	Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material	INFCIRC/274/Rev1	03.03.1980	07.04.1986	08.02.1987	06.10.1991
	Amendment to the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material		08.07.2005		Not yet	Not yet
Civil Liability	Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage and its Protocol to Amend (IAEA)	INFCIRC/500 INFCIRC/566	21.05.1963 Revised: 12.09.1997	Signed 1963 convention (not the amendment)	12.12.1977 Revised: 04.10.2003
	Paris Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage 1960,1964,1982 (OECD)		29.07.1960 28.01.1964 16.11.1982	29.07.1960 28.01.1964 16.11.1982	01.04.1968 07.10.1988	07.10.1988
	Protocol to Amend the Paris Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (2004) (OECD)		12.02.2004	12.02.2004	Not yet	Not yet
	Brussels Supplementary Convention to Paris Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (OECD)		31.01.1963 28.01.1964 16.11.1982	31.01.1963 28.01.1964 16.11.1982	Dec-74 01.08.1991	01.08.1991
	Protocol to Amend the Brussels Supplementary Convention (2004) (OECD)		12.02.2004	12.02.2004	Not yet	Not yet
	Convention on supplementary compensation for nuclear damage (IAEA)	INFCIRC/567	29.09.1997	No signature	Not yet
	Joint Protocol relating to the application of the Vienna Convention and the Paris Convention (IAEA & OECD)	INFCIRC/402	21.09.1988	21.09.1988	27.04.1992	Not yet
Nuclear Safety	Convention on Nuclear Safety	INFCIRC/449	20.09.1994	15.10.1994	24.10.1996	24.10.1996
	Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management	INFCIRC/546	05.09.1997	30.06.1998	18.06.2001	18.06.2001
Nuclear Tests	CTBTO (Comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty organization)		10.09.1996	24.09.1996	No yet, waiting for the signature of some required states, such as India, Pakistan or USA	No yet, waiting for the signature of some required states, such as India, Pakistan or USA
	Partial test ban (Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and under Water)		05.08.1963	13.08.1963	10.10.1963	17.08.1964
Nuclear Accidents	Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident	INFCIRC/335	26.09.1986	26.09.1986	27.10.1986	14.10.1989
	Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency	INFCIRC/336	26.09.1986	26.09.1986	26.02.1987	14.10.1989
IAEA	Agreement on the Privileges and Immunities of the International Atomic Energy Agency	INFCIRC/9 Rev2	01.07.1959	Approved by Border Governors	29.07.1960	21.05.1984
	Revised Supplementary Agreement Concerning the Provision of Technical Assistance by the IAEA	RSA	not apply	10.06.1980	not apply	10.06.1980
	Agreement on the Privileges and Immunities of the ITER International Fusion Energy Organization for the Joint Implementation of the ITER Project	INFCIRC/703	21.11.2006	EURATOM	24.10.2007	24.10.2007
Nuclear Terrorism	International Convention for the suppression of International Terrorism		13.04.2005	14.09.2005	07.07.2007	07.07.2007
Others	Antarctic Treaty		01.12.1959		23.06.1961	31.03.1982
	Sea-bed treaty		11.02.1971		18.05.1972	15.07.1987
	Outer Space Treaty…Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space…		27.01.1967		10.10.1967
Groups	Zangger Committee	INFCIRC/209	24.05.1905	01.05.1993
	Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)	INFCIRC/254 parts I y II	27.05.1905	10.06.1905
	Wassenaar Agreement		19.12.1995	19.12.1995



NATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AUTHORITY
Ministerio de Industria, Energía y Turismo Paseo de la Castellana, 160 E-28046 Madrid	Tel: +34 902 44 60 06 Fax: +34 91 457 80 66 http://www.minetur.gob.es
Consejo de Seguridad Nuclear (CSN) Nuclear safety and radiological protection Justo Dorado Dellmans, 11 E-28040 Madrid	Tel: +34 91 346 01 00 Fax: +34 91 346 05 88 http://www.csn.es
MAIN POWER UTILITIES
Trillo	http://www.cnat.es
Vandellós II	http://www.anav.es
Almaraz	http://www.cnat.es
Ascó	http://www.anav.es
Santa María de Garońa	http://www.nuclenor.org
Cofrentes	http://www.cncofrentes.es/
OTHER NUCLEAR ORGANIZATIONS
CIEMAT Research and Development Centre Avenida Complutense, 22 E-28040 Madrid	Tel.: +34 91 346 60 00 Fax: +34 91 346 60 05 http://www.ciemat.es
UNESA Asociación Espańola de la Industria Eléctrica Francisco Gervás, 3 28020 Madrid	Tel.: +34 91 567 49 00 Fax: +34 91-567 49 88 http://www.unesa.es
TECNATOM, S.A. Service inspection and maintenance Avenida Montes de Oca, 1 28703 San Sebastián de los Reyes (MADRID)	Tel.: +34 91 659 86 00 Fax: +34 91 659 86 77 http://www.tecnatom.es
EMPRESARIOS AGRUPADOS A.I.E. Architect-Engineering Magallanes, 3 28015 Madrid	Tel.: +34 91 309 80 00 Fax: +34-91 591 26 55 http://www.empre.es
ENRESA Back-end of the fuel cycle Emilio Vargas, 7 28043 Madrid	Tel.: +34 91566 81 00 Fax: +34 91 566 81 69 http://www.enresa.es
ENUSA Front-end of the fuel cycle Santiago Rusińol, 12 28040 Madrid	Tel.: +34 91 347 42 00 Fax: +34 91 347 42 15 http://www.enusa.es
The EURATOM-CIEMAT Association for fusion (Spain)	http://www-fusion.ciemat.es
CEIDEN Technology Platform on Fission Nuclear Energy	http://www.ceiden.com
Nuclear Engineering Department Polytechnic University of Madrid	http://www.din.upm.es
Iberdrola	http://www.iberdrola.es
Endesa	http://www.endesa.es
Gas Natural Fenosa	http://www.gasnatural.com
Spanish Nuclear Industrial Forum	http://www.foronuclear.org
Spanish Nuclear Society (SNE)	http://www.sne.es

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⁽¹⁾ Due to the acquisition of Unión Fenosa Generación, S.A., by Gas Natural SDG. S.A., the transfer of ownership was authorised by Order of the MITYC in 2010.

⁽²⁾ Other authorisations are requested during the lifetime of a NPP: authorisation for modification, authorisation for modification performance and assembly, dismantling permit and declaration of decommissioning.