Environmental remediation has been in existence for decades, and a tremendous body of practical and scientific knowledge has been developed in many areas. Responding to the needs of Member States, the IAEA has initiated an environmental remediation project to address radioactive contamination found in soils and waters. This publication discusses the drivers on environmental remediation as well as the major obstacles confronted by any remediation operation and how to overcome those obstacles. It includes a number of potential strategies that may provide effective remediation outcomes and that have been deemed to be cost effective by Member States. Implementers of an environmental remediation programme as well as regulators will benefit from the information and guidance provided in this publication.