Over two thirds of the world’s operating research reactors are more than 30 years old. The long life of these reactors has raised some concern among operators, regulators and, to some extent, the general public. Within this context the IAEA launched a special project on research reactor modernization and refurbishment. The present publication is the outcome of a meeting on the topic and contains recommendations, guidelines and information on the implementation of modernization and refurbishment projects at different research reactors and a general discussion of project challenges unique to research reactors.