This publication has been written for students and professionals in radiation oncology and cancer control programmes. It serves as a source of information on treatment decisions with regard to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), or liver cancer. Radiotherapy plays a major role in the treatment of HCC, which is one of the most common causes of cancer death globally. However, to date there have been no uniform recommendations, and the use of radiotherapy is limited by pre-existing liver disease. The present publication reports the results of an assessment of the role of radiotherapy within the entire framework of HCC management. It may guide the appropriate use of limited resources towards the most appropriate indications, and help in differentiating the approaches used for cure or palliation of HCC.