Nuclear desalination can be considered one of the most viable means of producing fresh water in arid areas. This publication addresses environmental concerns, and aims to improve understanding. It provides an overview of the nature and magnitude of the environmental impacts of nuclear desalination. In addition to detailing experimental data and the experience gained in operating nuclear desalination projects, it highlights risks perceived by the public. The publication encompasses environmental and socioeconomic information provided by specialized sources including some Member States with extensive experience in operating nuclear desalination systems. Addressing these concerns can be of critical importance for the effective use of nuclear desalination to its full potential.