VIETNAM
(updated on Mar.2009)
1. ENERGY, ECONOMIC AND ELECTRICITY INFORMATION
1.1. General Overview
Viet Nam, a nation located along the eastern coast of the mainland of Southeast Asia, is shaped like a giant letter S, extending some 1,600 km from the Chinese border to Point Ca Mau (Bai Bung) on the Gulf of Thailand, see Figure 1. The total area of Viet Nam is 331,212 km2. At its widest it reaches a width of about 560 km. In the narrow centre it is less than 50 km wide.
The altitude of the land is generally high in the north and low in the south. In the north, the coastal plain extends over a fertile delta plain called the Red River Delta, which covers an area of about 14,862 km2. Hanoi, the capital of the country, is located in the delta and the Red River pours into the Gulf of Bac Bo. In the south, the coastal plain widens into the Mekong River Delta, which has an area of about 40,604 km2.
Viet Nam belongs to the Asian Monsoon Zone and gives tropical conditions in the south and sub-tropical conditions in the north. The country enjoys a variety of climatic conditions, including the cool weather in the northern mountain area, the wet tropical climate from northern to central low land, and the tropical monsoon climate in the southern low lands. The wet season lasts from May to October and the dry season from November to April.
In 2007, the population of the country was about 85.150
million of which about 72.66% lived in rural areas and 27.44% in urban areas
(Table 1). Major urban centres are Ha Noi (3.289 million persons), Da Nang
(0.805 million persons) and Ho Chi Minh City (6.347 million persons). The
average population density is about 257 per km2. It varies from one
area to another. The population density in the northern Red River Delta is
approximately 1,238 per km2, which is near threefold as high as that
in the southern Mekong Delta (432 per km2). Meanwhile the population
density in the Central Highland area is only 90 per km2. The past
trend of population is given in the Table 2. TABLE 1. POPULATION INFORMATION
Average
annual
growth
rate(%)
1970
1980
1990
2000
2005
2007
2000
to
2007
Population (millions)
42.7
53.7
66.2
77.6
83.1
85.15
1.25
Population density
(inhabitants/km2)
131.3
165
203.4
249.6
268
257
Urban population (% of
total)
18.3
19.2
20.3
24.3
26.4
27.44
Area(1000 km2)
310.1
Source:
Viet Nam Statistical Yearbook, Hanoi 2007 TABLE 2. PAST TREND OF POPULATION
2000 2005 2007
Population,
million persons
77.64
83.12
85.15
Growth rate,
%
1.36
1.33
1.25
Source: Viet Nam Statistical Yearbook, Hanoi
2007
The
population growth rate was 1.37% for the period from 2000 to 2005 and 1.25% in
2007. TABLE 3. TOTAL PROJECTED POPULATION FOR THE
PERIOD 2000-2020
Year
2000
2005
2007
2010
2015
2020 Population, million persons
77.68
83.120
85.15
88.2
92.9
98.4
Growth rate, %
1.36
1.33
1.25
1.18
1.14
1.0 If in 1995, 80% of the population was distributed in rural
areas, now this figure was reduced to 72,56% in 2007 and downed to 60% by the
year 2020. This trend is illustrated in the
Table 4. TABLE 4. THE
DISTRIBUTION OF THE POPULATION
Year
1995
2000
2005
2007
2010
2015
2020 Urban, %
20
25.11
27
27.44
32
36
40 Rural, %
80
74.89
73
72.56
68
54
60 1.1.1. Economic Indicators The Vietnamese Government has determined the targets for the economic
development for the period 2000-2010 with the main indicators for 2010 are as
follows: The period 2001-2005 witnessed significant innovations in Viet Nam in
economic growth, economy structure transition, hunger elimination and poverty
reduction, foreign investment attraction,... which created important driving
forces contributing to the success of the socio-economic development cause of
the Country. The average GDP growth rate in the period 2001-2005 reached 7.5%. The GDP per
capita increased from 399 USD in 2000 to more than 600 USD in 2005. However, the
main contributions to the GDP growth are still from capital and labour sources. During the past five years (2001-2005) there were considerable changes in
density of economic sectors. Agriculture density decreased from 24.5% in 2000 to
about 19% in 2005, meanwhile industry increase from 36.7% in 2000 to about 42%
in 2005. Service has been maintained at 38-39%. The trend of the economic
development over the past 5 years is given in the Table 5 and that of the export
and import of goods is given in the Table 6. Exports include crude oil, rice,
marine products, coal, coffee and rubber and imports petroleum products, steel
products, tractors, cotton and textiles.
TABLE 5.
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND
STRUCTURE
Parameters
1995
2000
2005
2006
2007
GDP growth rate, %
9.54
6.79
8.43
8.23
8.48
GDP1 Billion VND
Million USD
GDP per Sector:
228,892
20,808
441,646 31,546
839,211
53,115
974,266
60,827
1144,015
71,013
Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing, %
27.18
24.53
20.89
20.4
20.3
Industry & Construction, %
28.76
36.73
41.04
41.5
41.6
Service, %
44.06
38.73
38.07
38.1
38.1
1
at current
prices.
Source: Viet Nam Statistical Yearbook, Hanoi 2007
TABLE 6. THE EXPORT AND IMPORT OF
GOODS
Parameters
1995
2000
2005
2006
2007
Export, million USD
5448.9
14482.7
32447
39826.2
48561.4
Import, million USD
8155.4
15636.5
36761
44891.1
62682.2
Balance
-2706.5
-1153.8
-4314
-5064.9
-14120.8
Source: Viet Nam Statistical Yearbook, Hanoi 2007 TABLE .7. GROSS
DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)
Average
annual
growth
rate(%)
1970
1980
1990
2000
2005
2006
2000
to
2006
GDP (millions of
current US$)
6 471.7
31 172.5
52 917.4
60 883.8
11.8
GDP (millions of
constant 2000 US$)
15 018.0
31 172.5
44 765.1
48 420.6
7.6
GDP per capita
(current US$)
97.8
401.5
636.8
723.9
10.3 Source: World Bank World Development
Indicator TABLE 8. THE EXPORT AND IMPORT OF GOODS Parameters 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Export, million USD 5,448.9 14.483 15,029 16,760 20.1 26.5 32.4 Import, million USD 8,155.4 15,636 16,218 19,733 25.2 32.0 37.0 Balance -2,706.5 -1,153 -1,189 -3,027 -5.1 -5.5 -4.6 Source: Viet Nam Statistical Yearbook, Hanoi 2005
The overall Viet Nam's energy reserves are given
in Table 7.
2006
84.1
271.3
26.9
|
|
Estimated energy reserves in |
|||||
|
|
(Exajoule) |
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Solid |
Liquid |
Gas |
Uranium |
Hydro |
Total |
|
|
|
|
|
(1) |
(2) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total amount in place |
89.89 |
0.022 |
0.027 |
18 |
0.288 |
108.23 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(1) This total represents essentially recoverable reserves. 2) For comparison purposes a rough attempt is made to convert hydro capacity to energy by multiplying the gross theoretical annual capability (World Energy Council - 2002) by a factor of 10. Source: IAEA Energy and Economic Database.
1.1.2.1. Coal
As of January 2005, the total coal amount of surveyed reserves (grades A+B+C+P) in Viet Nam is about 6,164 million tons, of which the reserves at the grades: A+B+C: 4,992 million tons (80.9%), A+B: 370 million tons (6.0%), C1: 2,157 million tons (34,9%), P: 1,172 million ton (19.0%). Data of the period 1995-2007 of coal production and coal use is given in Table 8 and the projected coal- production in Table 9.
TABLE 10. COAL PRODUCTION AND COAL USE
|
Parameters |
1995 |
2000 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
|
Coal prod., million tons |
8.35 |
11.61 |
32.4 |
38.77 |
43.19 |
|
Coal Export., million tons |
2.80 |
3.25 |
17.99 |
29.3 |
31.9 |
|
Domestic use, million tons |
4.84 |
8.36 |
14.41 |
9.47 |
11.24 |
Source: Viet Nam Statistical Yearbook, Hanoi 2007
TABLE 11. PROJECTED COAL PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION
Parameters |
2010 |
2015 |
2020 |
|
Projected-coal production, million tons |
48 - 50 |
60 - 65 |
70 - 75 |
|
Demand for elect. prod., million tons |
16.3 - 21.9 |
27.4 - 29.4 |
32.7 - 40.4 |
|
Demand for Exp. & other, million tons |
|
|
|
Source: Vinacoal
1.1.2.2. Oil, Gas & Petroleum products
Exploration of oil and gas in Viet Nam has been carried out since 1959. The potential reserves of oil & gas are estimated from 4-4.5 billion m3 oil equivalent, of which 1.6-1.8 billion m3 Condensate and 2.4-2.7 billion m3 natural gas. According to the energy experts, the crud oil production reaches 10-18 million tons/year in 2020 and gas production reaches 14-19 billion m3 in 2025.
At the present time, almost all crude oil is exported, while the domestic demand in petroleum products is met by import. A refinery with a capacity of 6.5 million tons/year is now under construction and will be put into operation in 2009. The past oil & gas production is given in Table 10. The projected oil & gas production is given in Table 11.
TABLE 12. OIL & GAS PRODUCTION
|
Parameters |
1995 |
2000 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
|
Crude oil, million tons |
7.62 |
16.29 |
18.52 |
16.8 |
15.92 |
|
Natural gas, billion m3 |
0.21 |
1.721 |
5.2 |
7.52 |
6.86 |
|
Imported petr. products, million tons |
5.0 |
8.75 |
11.48 |
11.9 |
13.9 |
Source: Petrovietnam
TABLE 13. PROJECTED OIL & GAS PRODUCTION
|
Parameters |
2005 |
2010 |
2020 |
|
Projected-oil production, million tons |
18.60 |
19.16 |
16.3 |
|
Projected-gas production, billion m3 |
6.2 |
11.0 |
15.6 |
|
Import petroleum products, million tons |
11.48 |
13 |
26.4 |
Source: Petrovietnam
1.1.2.3. Hydro power potential
With more than 2,200 rivers and streams of length of from 10 km, the total technical reserve for hydroelectric power of Viet Nam is estimated at 30,000 MW with an annual electricity output of 120 TWh. If taking environment protection into consideration, the total techno-economic potential of hydropower will be about 83 TWh. In addition to the big hydropower projects, Viet Nam has a rather high potential on small and extreme small hydropower sources. A preliminary estimation showed that Viet Nam could get 2,300 MW from small and extreme hydropower sources with electricity generation from 8-10 TWh.
1.1.2.4. Uranium
Currently, there is no nuclear power in Viet Nam. Uranium ore has been found in the northern and central regions of Viet Nam. These uranium deposits have been estimated to hold about 218,167 tons of U3O8, with a low average uranium oxide content of 0.06%.
1.1.2.5. New and Renewable Energy
Geothermal Energy
There is a potential for geothermal energy in Viet Nam since it has more than 300 hot-water areas, with a surface water temperatures ranging from 30oC to 105oC. Recently, an American company, ORMAT, carried out a study at 60 hot-water areas and has chosen 6 sites, mostly in the central and south regions of Viet Nam, for installations of geothermal plants with a total capacity of about 200 MW by 2020
Solar Energy
Viet Nam is a tropical country with an average sunlight of 2000 to 2500 hours per year and a total average solar radiation of 150 kcal/cm2 per year. The theoretical potential is estimated about 43.9 Bill TOE/year
Wind Energy
Potential of wind energy in Viet Nam is small. energy density is about 800-1,400 kWh/m2.year at islands and 500-1,000 kWh/m2.year at the Central Highland and coast, and is less than 500 kWh at the remaining areas.
Biomass
Biomass resources in Viet Nam include wood and agriculture wastes and are estimated to be about 43 to 46 million TOE/year. The respective shares for wood and agriculture wastes are about 60% and 40%, respectively. The potential biomass energy is estimated to be about 0.4 million TOE/year. Although the resources are significant, there are environmental concerns with using wood products for electricity generating.
1.1.2.6. Energy
The basic energy situation of Viet Nam is given in Table 12.
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(2) Solid fuels include coal, lignite and commercial wood. (3) Primary electricity = Hydro + Geothermal + Nuclear + Wind. (*) Energy values are in Exajoule except where indicated. Source: IAEA Energy and Economic Database and Country Information
1.2. Energy Policy
With the target of serving to industrialization and modernization cause of the country, increasing people's living standards, the Viet Nam's Energy Policy consists of the following basic issues:
a)
To meet the sustainable development and environment protection;b) Efficient use and preservation of energy;
c) Policy on energy prices;
d) Policy on investment for energy development;
e) Policy on development of new and renewable energies;
f) Policy on import, export and international cooperation in the energy field;
g) Policy on ensuring of energy supply;
h) Policy on science and technology development in the energy filed; and
i) Restructure of organization and management system in the energy field.
Strategy and Policy on Electricity Development
?
Ensure electricity supply security to socio-economic development;? Diversifying investment types for development of electricity generation sources and transmission,
? Step by step privatize and equitize power plants and distribution companies;
? Separate public benefit activities form business activities. While continues subsidize to the electricity activities in remote areas;
? Enhance international cooperation and integration;
? Step by step establish and develop electricity market;
? Study on nuclear power development; and
? Ensure sustainable development. Minimize impact to environment
Some Implementation Measures
Electricity Price
At present, the Government continues to directly manage electricity price to customers.
The price has been being step by step adjusted to meet long-term margin cost of the system (7 US cent per kWh);
Improve and complete current electricity tariff.
Mobilization of investment sources
Issue domestic and foreign bonds;
Joint- venture with foreign and domestics companies and business;
Privatization and equitization of power companies;
Call upon foreign investments: FDI, ODA, loan,... ;
Establish and develop electricity market
Separate functions of State management from electricity businesses. Electricity businesses have only functions of management on production and carrying on business;
Establish a Regulatory Body responsible for making decision on electricity price and legal issues related to electricity activities;
Restructure electricity branch into generation, transmission, and distribution. Step by step commercialize each field.
Plan after 2010
Power plants of EVN, BOT, IPP will participate in the electricity market in accordance with a competitive mechanism and electricity prices will be offered by every hour;
Distribution companies are independent;
The State still owns and control transmission company.
1.3. The Electricity System
1.3.1. Structure of the Electricity Sector
a. Government:
- The owner of capitals, assets, property of the State at the electricity businesses;
- Decide on price tariff for end-customers;
- Enact decisions, decrees, regulations,... and
- Approve planning and plans for electricity development.
b. Ministry of Industry and Trade (MOIT)
- Manage and regulate electricity activities and uses;
- Instruction on implementation of decrees issued by the Government;
- Enact specific regulatory documents; and
- Organize formulation and appraisement planning and plans for electricity development.
c. Electricity Regulatory Authority of Viet Nam
- Licensing for electricity activities;
- Assist the MOIT Minister in regulating competitive electricity market activities;
- Advise the MOIT Minister on making decision on cost frames of electricity generation, wholesale, transmission, distribution, and other service in the competitive electricity market.
d. Vietnam Electricity (EVN)
Viet Nam Electricity (EVN) is the unique state-owned electricity group in Viet Nam operating under management of the MOIT. Electricity supply regime is divided according to the regions: northern, central, and southern. Supply system operation and management responsibilities in each region are Northern Elect. Co., Central Elect. Co., Southern Elect. Co., Ha Noi Elect. Co., and Ho Chi Minh Elect. Co. Under EVN, there are A/Es, electrical power plans, and transmission companies.
e. Non-EVN Electricity Generation Companies
At present, there are BOT, IPP, joint-stock electricity power generation and distribution companies. As of June 2007, total installed capacity of non-EVN electricity generation companies is 3,119 MW accounting for 23% of total installed capacity of Viet Nam.
1.3.2. Decision Making Process
From 1996, studies on sustainable energy development, including consideration of the role of nuclear power in the national energy system, have been being carried out in Vietnam. Many ministries, organization, universities, and research institutes have been involved in the studies.
During the period 1996-2007, the Government of Vietnam has approved and provided financial budgets to the following programme and projects:
· National Programme on Sustainable Energy Development (1996-2000);
· Project on General Study on the Introduction of Nuclear Power into Viet Nam (1996-1999);
· Project on Pre-Feasibility Study for Construction of the First Nuclear Power Plant in Viet Nam (2002-2004);
· Project on Study and Elucidation of the Aspects of Nuclear Power Development in Viet Nam (2002-2004);
· Project on Formulation of the Strategy for Atomic Energy Utilization for Peaceful Purposes up to 2020 (approved on 3rd January 2006 by the Prime Minister); and
· Master Plans for National Energy Development No.6.
· Project on Pre-FS for the Construction of the NPP in Viet Nam
The studies cover a rather wide range of aspects related to energy:
· Projections on the socio-economic development, energy demand, and progress in science and technologies;
· Evaluation of energy supply capabilities from the indigenous energy resources and import; role of energy saving; and assessment of environment impacts caused by activities of energy sector; and
· Design, analysis of energy system; optimization of energy expansion planning serving to policy makers for energy development.
1.3.3. Main Indicators
Presently, the hydro power plants are still predominant in the electricity system of Viet Nam, not only in installed capacity, but also in the generation terms. By the end of 2007, the total installed capacity of the electricity generating system was 13,512 MW, of which 32.5% was hydropower, and the total electric generation was 69,487 GW.h, of which 32.9% was hydropower. The structure of the generating mix is given in Table 13 and Figure 2.
|
Type of plants |
Capacity, MW |
Share, % |
Electricity, GW·h |
Share, % |
|
1. Hydro |
4,393 |
32.5 |
22,884 |
32.9 |
|
2. Thermal |
1,916 |
14.2 |
22,598 |
32.5 |
|
3. GT, Diesel, renewable |
6,653 |
49.2 |
21,375 |
30.8 |
|
4. Imort |
550 |
4.1 |
2,630 |
3.8 |
|
Total |
13,512 |
100 |
69,487 |
100 |
Source: EVN
The structure of the electricity generation and consumption over the past years is given in Tables 14 and 15 and the EDB statistics and energy related ratios in Tables 16 and 17.
TABLE 16. THE STRUCTURE OF ELECTRICITY GENERATION
|
Structure |
1995 |
2000 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
|
Total production, GW·h |
14636 |
27,039 |
53,462 |
61.46 |
69.487 |
|
Hydro,% |
72.3 |
53.8 |
30.0 |
31.7 |
32.9 |
|
Thermal,% |
20.0 |
22.3 |
24.0 |
32.6 |
32.5 |
|
GT & Diesel, Renewable% |
7.7 |
24.2 |
45.3 |
34.1 |
30.8 |
|
Import, % |
|
|
0.7 |
1.6 |
3.8 |
|
Total system loss, % |
21.7 |
15 |
13.0 |
12.9 |
12.5 |
Source: EVN
TABLE 17. THE STRUCTURE OF ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION
Structure |
1995 |
2000 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
|
Industry,% |
41.2 |
40.6 |
46.7 |
47.5 |
49.8 |
|
Agriculture,% |
5.6 |
1.9 |
1.3 |
1.1 |
1.0 |
|
Household, service,% |
44.1 |
49.0 |
48.2 |
47.8 |
45.8 |
|
Other,% |
9.1 |
8.5 |
3.8 |
3.6 |
3.4 |
Source: EVN
|
|
|
|
Annual Average |
|
|||||||
|
|
|
Growth Rate (%) |
|
||||||||
|
Electricity Generation (TWh) |
1970 |
1980 |
1990 |
2000 |
2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
1980 to 2000 |
2000 to 2005 |
|
|
Total |
2.12 |
4.21 |
8.72 |
26.59 |
46.03 |
53.46 |
61.46 |
69.49 |
9.65 |
14.99 |
|
|
Nuclear |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hydro |
0.62 |
1.2 |
5.37 |
14.55 |
17.67 |
21.45 |
20.41 |
22.88 |
13.29 |
8.07 |
|
|
Geothermal |
|
0.11 |
0 |
0.66 |
0.79 |
2.76 |
|
|
9.41 |
32.88 |
|
|
Wind |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Other renewables |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.06 |
0.07 |
|
|
|
|
Coal fire |
|
|
|
|
|
|
11.0 |
11.6 |
|
|
|
|
oil fire+Diesel |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.9 |
3.2 |
|
|
|
|
Gas |
|
|
|
|
|
|
27.2 |
29.1 |
|
|
|
|
import |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.0 |
2.63 |
|
|
|
|
Thermal |
1.51 |
2.9 |
3.35 |
11.38 |
27.58 |
29.25 |
|
|
7.07 |
20.79 |
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
Installed Capacity (GWe) |
1970 |
1980 |
1990 |
2000 |
2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
1980 to 2000 |
2000 to 2005 |
|
|
Total |
0.56 |
1.18 |
2.12 |
6.48 |
11.35 |
11.95 |
12.27 |
13.51 |
8.86 |
13.03 |
|
|
Nuclear |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hydro |
0.16 |
0.25 |
0.68 |
3.4 |
4.13 |
4.13 |
4.38 |
4.39 |
13.94 |
3.96 |
|
|
Geothermal |
|
0.04 |
0.05 |
0.08 |
0.08 |
0.32 |
|
|
2.59 |
33.67 |
|
|
Wind |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Other renewables |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
other |
|
|
|
|
|
|
7.89 |
9.12 |
|
|
|
|
Thermal |
0.4 |
0.89 |
1.4 |
3 |
7.14 |
7.5 |
|
|
6.26 |
20.11 |
|
|
Final energy consumption/capita
|
Annual AverageGrowth Rate (%) |
|
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|
|
|||||||||||
|
|
1970 |
1980 |
1990 |
2000 |
2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
1980 to 2000 |
2000 to 2005 |
|
|
Energy consumption per capita (GJ/capita) |
12 |
7.2 |
7.9 |
20.9 |
27.1 |
28.5 |
18.73 |
20.02 |
5.5 |
6.38 |
|
|
Electricity consumption per capita (KW.h/capita) |
49.6 |
78.4 |
131.8 |
289 |
483 |
567 |
640 |
718 |
7.59 |
13.73 |
|
|
Nuclear/Total electricity (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Annual capacity factor - Total (%) |
43.2 |
40.6 |
46.9 |
46.9 |
46.3 |
51.1 |
57.1 |
58.7 |
0.73 |
1.73 |
|
|
Annual capacity factor - Thermal (%) |
43.4 |
37.2 |
27.3 |
43.3 |
44.1 |
44.5 |
|
|
0.76 |
0.56 |
|
|
Annual capacity factor - Hydro (%) |
42.8 |
54.8 |
90.8 |
48.9 |
48.9 |
47.5 |
53.1 |
59.4 |
-0.57 |
3.96 |
|
|
Annual capacity factor - Nuclear (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Annual capacity factor - Wind (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Annual capacity factor - Geothermal (%) |
|
27.9 |
0 |
101.2 |
112.2 |
98.3 |
|
|
6.65 |
-0.59 |
|
|
Annual capacity factor -Other renewables (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. |
.. |
|
Source: IAEA Energy and Economic Database and Country Information
1.3.4. Transmission
Viet Nams electricity system is operating with voltages 500 kV, 220 kV, 110 kV and 35 kV to 6 kV. Table 18 shows development of transmission grid and transformers from 1990 to 2007.
TAB 20. AMOUNT OF LINES AND TRANSFORMERS
|
Year |
1990 |
1995 |
2000 |
2007 |
||||
|
|
km |
MVA |
km |
MVA |
km |
MVA |
km |
MVA |
|
500 kV |
|
1,487 |
2,850 |
1,532 |
2,850 |
2,469 |
3,286 |
7,050 |
|
220 kV |
1,359 |
1,544 |
2,272 |
3,038 |
3,519 |
6,726 |
6,487 |
17,513 |
|
66-110 kV |
4,265 |
2,603 |
6,069 |
3,466 |
7,909 |
8,193 |
11,409 |
22,238 |
|
6-35 kV |
|
|
39,539 |
8,400 |
59,533 |
12,728 |
- |
|
2. NUCLEAR POWER SITUATION 1
2.1. Historical Development and current nuclear power organizational structure1
Not applicable. 1
Not applicable.
2.3. Supply of NPPs 1
Not applicable.
2.4. Operation of NPPs 1
Not applicable.
2.5. Fuel Cycle and Waste Management 1
Management of radioactive waste in Viet Nam:
1. All disused sources, most Ra-226 from branchy therapy have been recorded by Regulatory Authority. They are kept in the hospitals;
2. Radioactive waste discharged from nuclear research reactor are conditioned and stored at temporary storage at Da Lat Nuclear Research Institute;
3. The other disused sources in industry are kept at the interim storages of the facilities; and
4. All disused sources and radioactive waste are under control of Regulatory Authority throughout licensing and inspection system.
2.6. Research and Development
One of the agencies under MOST is the Viet Nam Atomic Energy Commission (VAEC). The VAEC was established in April 1976 and up to April 1994 it was controlled under the
Prime Ministers office. In April 1994, VAEC was reorganized and put under MOST. The VAEC comprises the following institutions:
1. Da Lat Nuclear Research Institute (DNRI);
2. Center for Application of Nuclear Technique in Industry (CANTI) in Da lat
3. Institute for Nuclear Science and Technology (INST) in Ha noi;
4. Institute for Technology of Radioactive and Rare Elements (ITRRE) in Ha Noi;
5. Ha Noi Irradiation Center
6. Center for Nuclear Technique in Ho Chi Minh City (CNT);
7. Research and Development Center for Radiation Technology (VINAGAMMA); and
8. Technology Application and Development Company (NEAD).
The functions and duties of the VAEC
1. Conduct fundamental and applied research on nuclear science and engineering, nuclear reactor technology, nuclear fuel and material, radiation protection and nuclear safety, and radioactive waste management technology in service of economic development of the country;
2. Develop technology, production and technical services in atomic energy and related fields in service of social and economic development;
3. Study and formulate directions, strategies, planning and plans for atomic energy development in Viet Nam, participate in the formulation of law projects and regulatory documents in relation to atomic energy, and in the implementation of nuclear policies approved by the Government;
4. Perform international cooperation in the filed of atomic energy, and participate in the implementation of international treaties pledged by Viet Nam;
5. Provide technical support to the State management body on radiation protection and nuclear safety in the appraisal of radiation protection and nuclear safety, carry out radioactive environment monitoring, calibrate radiation facilities and dosimeters, develop technical infrastructures in the preparedness and response to radiological and nuclear incidents and accidents; and
6. Participate in the planning and training of scientific and technical professionals in the field of atomic energy.
2.7. International Co-operation and Initiatives 1
Brief description of research and development activities carried out jointly with other countries and/or within the framework of international projects, technical and industrial co-operation, transfer of know-how and technology.
|
INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS |
||
| NPT related safeguards agreement INFCIRC/376. | Entry into force: | 23 February 1990 |
| Improved procedures for designation of safeguards inspectors | Prefers to apply the present system | 19 June 1990 |
| Supplementary agreement on provision of technical assistance by the IAEA | Entry into force: | 01 May 1983 |
| RCA | Entry into force: | 28 August 1997 |
| Agreement on privileges and immunities | Entry into force: | 31 July 1969 |
| NPT | Entry into force: | 14 June 1982 |
| Convention on physical protection of nuclear material | Non-Party | |
| Convention on early notification of a nuclear accident | Entry into force: | 30 October 1987 |
| Convention on assistance in the case of a nuclear accident or radiological emergency | Entry into force: | 30 October 1987 |
| Safeguards Agreement, | signed | 1989. |
| Bangkok Treaty: South East Asia Nuclear Weapons Free Zone, | signed | December 1995 |
| Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty signed (CTBT) | signed ratified |
1996 January 2006 |
| Additional Protocol | signed | August 2007 |
| Vienna convention on civil liability for nuclear damage | Non-Party | |
| Joint protocol | Non-Party | |
| Protocol to amend the Vienna convention on civil liability for nuclear damage | Not signed | |
| Convention on supplementary compensation for nuclear damage | Not signed | |
| Convention on nuclear safety | Non-Party | |
| Joint convention on the safety of spent fuel management and on the safety of radioactive waste management | Not signed | |
| ZANGGER Committee | Non-Member | |
| Nuclear Export Guidelines (INFCIRC/254) |
Not adopted | |
| Acceptance of NUSS Codes | No reply | |
| Nuclear Suppliers Group | Non-Member | |
|
BILATERAL AGREEMENTS |
|
| Agreement between the government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the government of the Republic of India for the co-operation for utilization of atomic energy for peaceful purposes. | signed in 1986 |
| Agreement between the government of the Republic of Korea and the government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam for the co-operation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. | signed in 1996 |
| Co-operation agreement on peaceful uses of advanced nuclear technology between Viet Nam Atomic Energy Commission (VAEC) and the French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA). | signed in 1996 renewed in 2002 |
| Agreement between the Government of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam and the Government of the People's Republic of China for the co-operation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. | signed in 2000 |
| Agreement between the Government of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam and the Government of the Argentine Republic for the co-operation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. | signed in 2001 |
| Agreement between the Government of the Socialist Republic Viet Nam and the Government of the Russian Federation for the co-operation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. | signed in 2002 |
3. NATIONAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS 1
On the basis of the Viet Nam Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety (VRPA), the Viet Nam Agency for Radiation and Nuclear Safety (VARANS, old name is VARANSAC) was established in 2004. VARANS is under the MOST assists the MOST's Minister in exercising the state management of radiation protection and nuclear safety.
Licensing and inspection: VARANS issues licenses for all activities related to radiation including import and export of radiation sources, radiation works, radiation facilities. Every year inspection is carried out for some radiation organizations.
The functions and duties of VARANS
1. To organize and participate in the building of legislative documents, code of practice, procedures and regulations for radiation and nuclear safety & control; to participate in the building of standards on radiation and nuclear safety, specific regulations and policies for those who work directly with the radiation;
2. To make and then submit to the Minister policies, development orientations, priorities, programs, annual and 5-year plans on radiation and nuclear safety & control; to organize and implement approved plans;
3. To organize and implement the notification, registration, license, renewal, amendment and withdrawal of licenses for radiation and nuclear establishments, radioactive sources, radiation personnel and works related to radiation and nuclear; to organize the assessment of sites, designs, construction, and justifications for ensuring the radiation and nuclear safety and the security of radiation and nuclear establishments;
4. To guide and direct the Local Departments of Science & Technology on radiation and nuclear safety & control; to co-ordinate with Ministries, Branches to perform the State management on the radiation and nuclear safety & control under the MOSTs direction;
5. To conduct regulatory inspections on radiation and nuclear safety according to law; to resolve complaints, denunciations; to deal with violations of regulations on radiation safety and control according to law;
6. To perform the State management of radioactive wastes; to organize radiation environment monitoring, to develop emergency response and handling for radiation and nuclear incidents; to control radiation doses and assess the safety of occupational, public and medical exposure;
7. To organize activities of safeguard;
8. To establish an record system of data, information on radiation and nuclear safety;
9. To organize research for applying scientific and technological advances in the field of radiation safety &control;
10. To co-organize training courses, propaganda and dissemination programs on legislation, radiation & nuclear safety and safety culture;
11. To organize and develop international cooperation activities in radiation and nuclear safety as assigned by the Ministry; to participate in the implementation of the international treaties and other international agreements on radiation and nuclear safety;
12. To perform other duties assigned by the Minister of Science and Technology; to manage cadres, assets, files and documents of the Agency according to the ministry arrangement and regulation.
3.2. Main National Laws and Regulations in Nuclear Power
1.
Ordinance on Radiation Safety & Control (ORSC) was passed on June 25th, 1996 by the Standing Committee of the National Assembly of the Socialist Republics of Viet Nam and went into effect on the 1st January 1997.2. Decree on the Detailed Directions for implementing of ORSC was enacted on July 16th, 1998 by the Prime Minister of the Socialist Republics of Viet Nam and went into effect on the 1st August 1998.
3. Decree No. 51/2006/NĐ-CP dated May 19, 2006 stipulating regulations on sanctioning against administrative violation in radiation safety and control.
4. Decree No. 87/2006/NĐ-CP regulating the inspection organization and operation of the Ministry of Science and Technology.
5. Regulations No. 115/2007/QĐ-TTg dated July 23, 2007 on ensuring the security of radioactive sources.
6. Regulations No. 146/2007/QD-TTg dated September 04, 2007 for the recovery and handling of orphan radioactive sources.
7. Joint Circular No.2237/1999/TTLT/BKHCNMT-BYT between MOSTE and MOH on Guidelines in implementation of radiation safety in medical exposure was enacted on 28 December 1999.
8. Decree on the penalty for violations of regulations on radiation safety and control was enacted on May, 2001 by the Prime Minister of the Socialist Republics of Viet Nam.
9. Circular No.14/2003/TT-BKHCN dated July 11, 2003 guiding radiation transportation safety.
10. Circular No.05/2006/TT-BKHCN dated January 11, 2006 guiding the procedures of notification, registration and license issuance to radiation activities.
11. Circular No.10/2006/TT-BKHCN dated March 17, 2006 guiding specialized inspection on radiation safety and control.
12. Decision No.38/2006/QD-BTC dated July 24, 2006: Regulation of fees and charges for radiation safety assessment and verification.
13. Decision No 3616/2004/QĐ-BYT dated 4 October 2004 on the issuance of the Regulations on the safety and sanitation of food preserved by irradiation.
14. Document No.1092/2002/BKHCNMT-ATBX dated May 2, 2002 provisionally regulating license application and conditions for the use of X-ray medical devices.
15. Directive No.13/2006/CT-BKHCN dated June 07, 2006 on the enhancement of State administration of radiation safety and security.
16. Decision No. 17/2007/QĐ-BKHCN dated August 31, 2007 on the issuance of radioactive sources separation complying with security requirements.
17. Decision No. 32 /2007/QĐ-BKHCN enacting the Regulation on examining medical diagnosis X-ray machines.
18. The Atomic Energy Law was approved by Vietnam National Assembly on 3rd June 2008 and comes into force on the 1st January 2009. The Atomic Energy Law replaces the Ordinance on Radiation Safety & Control (ORSC).
4. CURRENT ISSUES AND DEVELOPMENTS ON NUCLEAR POWER
Over the past years the Government of Viet Nam has pursued the consistent policies on safe, secure and peaceful uses of nuclear energy.
On the 3rd January 2006, the Prime Minister signed a decision on launching the Strategy for Peaceful Utilization of Atomic Energy up to the year 2020, which determines the objectives and road-map for atomic energy development in Viet Nam on both non-power and power applications.
On the 23rd July 2007, the Prime Minister of Viet Nam approved the "Master Plan for the Implementation of the Strategy for Peaceful Utilization of Atomic Energy up to 2020", which determines 23 projects related to various areas on radiation and radioisotope applications, nuclear power, and infrastructure development for nuclear power in Viet Nam. These projects should be finalized and submitted to the Prime Minister for approval by the end of 2008 and to be implemented from 2009.
In 2007 the Government also approved the "Master Plan for Electricity Development up to 2020 and Vision to 2050" , which stated that the first nuclear power plant would be put into commercial operation by 2020.
Recently, the Atomic Energy Law was approved by the Viet Nam National Assembly on the 3rd June 2008 and will come into force on the 1st January 2009.
The construction of the first two nuclear power plants (Ninh Thuan I NPP and Ninh Thuan II NPP ) at two sides Phuoc Dinh and Vinh Hai of Ninh Thuan Province in the Southern Central of Viet Nam has been considered by the Government. The total capacity of the two NPPs is 4,000 MW (2 units x 1,000 MW at each side) and the first nuclear power unit will be put into commercial operation by the year 2020.
 |
 |
|
FIG. 3. Share of Installed
Capacities by Generation Types in the years 2020 (left) and 2030 (right) |
|
Appendix
DIRECTORY OF THE MAIN ORGANIZATIONS, INSTITUTIONS AND COMPANIES INVOLVED IN NUCLEAR POWER RELATED ACTIVITIES
|
NUCLEAR ENERGY AUTHORITY |
|
|
Ministry of Science, Technology and
Environment 39, Tran Hung Dao Street Hanoi |
Tel: 84-4-3943 9731 Tel: 84-4-3943 9733 http://www.most.gov.vn |
| Ministry of Industry and Trade 54, Hai Ba Trung, Ha Noi, Viet Nam |
Tel: 84-4-3220 2222 Tel: 84-4-3220 2525 http://www.moit.gov.vn |
| Vietnam Atomic Energy
Commission 59 Ly Thuong Kiet Hanoi, Vietnam |
Tel: 844 9423479 Fax: 844 9424133 http://www.vaec.gov.vn |
|
Viet Nam Agency for Radiation and Nuclear Safety 4th Floor, 70 Tran Hung Dao ,Ha Noi, Viet Nam |
Tel: 84-4-3941 0213 Fax: 84-4-3822 0298 http://www.varansac.gov.vn/ |
|
OTHER ORGANIZATIONS |
|
| Institute for Nuclear Science and Technique
(INST) No 5T-160, Hoang Quoc Viet Ha Noi, Viet Nam |
Tel: (844)8361432 Fax: (844)8363295 http://www.vaec.gov.vn/VienKHKTHN/Eng/ |
| Nuclear Research Institute (NRI) No.1, Nguyen Tu Luc Dalati, Viet Nam |
Tel: (8463)822191 Fax: (8463)821107 http://www.vaec.gov.vn/NRI/content.htm |
| Centre for Nuclear Techniques (CNT) Ho Chi Minh City No.217, Nguyen Trai Tp. Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam |
Tel: (848)8356568 Fax: (848)8367381 |
| Institute for Technology of Radioactive and
Rare Elements (ITRE) No.48, Lang Ha Ha Noi, Viet Nam |
Tel: 844)7760340 Fax: (844)8350966 |
|
Nuclear Power and Renewable Energy Projects Pre-investment Board, 36 Au Co, Tay Ho Ha Noi, Viet Nam |
Tel: 84-4-3210 8822 Fax: 84-4-3719 2507 |