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SPAIN

(updated on Mar.2009)

GENERAL INFORMATION

1.1.  General Overview

Spain is a constitutional democracy. The Head of State is the King. Executive power is vested in the President of the government.

The Constitution was adopted in 1987. Spain is situated in south west Europe, occupying the greater part of the Iberian Peninsula, the Balearic and Canary Islands and a small part of northern Africa (Ceuta and Melilla), and bounded on the north by the Bay of Biscay, France and Andorra; on the east by the Mediterranean Sea; on the south by the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean; and on the west by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean. The area of Spain is 505 990 km2 large.

The climate of Spain is marked by extreme temperatures and, generally, insufficient rainfall. The variegated physical features of the country ensure pronounced climatic differences. The climate is most equable along the Cantabric and Atlantic coasts, which are generally damp and mild. The central plateau is dry and hot. Most of Spain receives less than 610 mm of precipitation per year, the northern mountains get considerable more moisture. By contrast, the southern Mediterranean coast has a subtropical climate. The average precipitation in Spain is 627 mm.

The historical population data are given in Table 1. The population in Spain at the beginning of 2007 was about 45 million people; the overall density was 89.33 persons per km2. Spain is increasingly urbanizing with more than three-fourths of the population in towns and cities.


TABLE 1. POPULATION INFORMATION

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Average

annual

growth

rate(%)

 

1970

1980

1990

2000

2006

2007

2000

to

2007

Population (millions)

33.8

39.3

39.3

40.8

43.71

45.20

1.47

Population density (inhabitants/km2)

67.6

74.4

77.9

80.7

86.36

89.33

 

Urban population (% of total)

66.49

73.21

75.51

76.05

78.12

78.19

 

Area(1000 km2)

 

 

 

 

 

505.99

 

Source: Statistical Yearbooks (several years). See web INE

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has risen since the early 90’s due to an increase in the service sector. In 2006, GDP was 976,186 million euros. Table 2 shows the historical GDP statistics in US$.

TABLE 2. GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Average

annual

growth

rate(%)

 

1970

1980

1990

2000

2005

2006

2000

to

2006

GDP (millions of current US$)

39 802.0

225 110

520 400

582 377

1 131.706

1 231.733

13.30

GDP (millions of constant 1990 US$)

 

 

520 400

 

 

 

 

GDP per capita (PPP* US$/capita)   7 003.62 13 676.45 21 400.86 26 507.61 27 914.12 4.53

GDP per capita (current US$)

1 178.3

5 993.35 

13 381.34

14 421.9

26 083.04

27 902.73

11.68

*PPP: Purchasing Power Parity; Source: IMF World Economic Outlook

1.1.   Energy Information

1.1.1.  Estimated energy reserves (fossil fuels, hydro sources and uranium)

 The main indigenous energy sources in Spain are coal and hydro (Table 3).

TABLE 3. ESTIMATED ENERGY RESERVES

 

Estimated energy reserves in

 

(Exajoule)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Uranium

Hydro

Other

renewable

Total

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 Total amount in place

10.40 

0.08 

 

 3.66

13.30

 

27.44

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Source: IAEA Energy and Economic Database

1.1.2.  Energy Statistics

The energy consumption raised to about 145 Mtoe in 2006. This figure is obtained as the result of adding the primary energy consumption and the net import of secondary energy.

The national energy production in the same year was about 31 Mtoe

Table 4 shows the historical energy statistics.

TABLE 4. ENERGY STATISTICS

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Average annual

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

growth rate (%)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2000

 

1970

1980

1990

2000

2006

2007

To

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2007

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 Energy consumption (EJ)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

       - Total

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

       - Solids

0.47

0.56

0.85

1.20

0.78

0.85

-4.81 

       - Liquids

1.00

2.07

1.88

2.57

2.97

2.98

2.12 

       - Gases

 

0.08

0.23

0.72

1.27

1.33

9.13 

- Nuclear

 

 

 

 

0.66

0.60

 

- Hydro

 

 

 

 

0.09

0.10

 

- Other Renewables

 

 

 

 

0.29

0.33

 

  TOTAL electricity

0.26

0.32

0.75

0.92

1.04

1.03

1.66

 Energy production (EJ)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

       - Total

0.65 

0.85 

1.40 

1.54 

1.32

1.29

-2.54 

       - Solids

0.37 

0.45 

0.54 

0.57 

0.26 

0.25 

-11.29 

       - Liquids

0.01 

0.07 

0.05 

0.02 

0.01 

0.01 

-15.79 

       - Gases

 

  

0.06 

0.02 

0.002 

0.001 

-38.41 

- Nuclear

 

 

 

 

0.66

0.60

 

- Hydro

 

 

 

 

0.09

0.10

 

- Other Renewables

 

 

 

 

0.29

0.33

 

  TOTAL electricity

0.28

0.33

0.75

0.92

1.04

1.03

1.66

 Net import (Import - Export) (EJ)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

       - Total

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

       - Solids

0.08

0.17

0.29

0.62

0.49 

0.53 

-2.26

       - Liquids

1.14 

2.09 

2.08 

2.95 

3.29 

3.28 

1.54

       - Gases

 

0.08 

0.17 

0.72 

1.47 

1.49 

10.95

- Nuclear

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

- Hydro

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

- Other Renewables

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TOTAL electricity

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(1) Energy consumption = Primary energy consumption + Net import (Import - Export) of secondary energy.

 

(2) Solid fuels include coal, lignite and commercial wood.

 

 

 

 

 

 Source: IAEA Energy and Economic Database Libro de la Energía 2007 (tables 2.2.1., 2.3.2., 5.1.1 and page 90) and Boletín Estadístico de Hidrocarburos (En 2008).

 

1.2.      Energy Policy

The legal framework is based in Law 54/1997 on Electric Sector and Law 34/1998 on Hydrocarbon Sector and the rules in relation with them.

The Law 54/1997 has been recently modified by Law 17/2007 to adapt the Spanish electric sector to Directive 2003/54/CE about common rules for the internal market in electricity. The objective of this Directive is to create conditions more conducive to genuine, fair competition and to put in place a true single market. It places an obligation on Member States to take the measures necessary to attain clearly defined objectives such as to protect vulnerable customers, to protect consumers' fundamental rights and to promote economic and social cohesion.

One of the main changes introduced in the electric Sector by the Law 17/2007 is that the 1st of January of 2009, tariff supply will be no longer part of distribution activities. From this date, the electricity supply will be carry out by traders on a free market basis. The tariff supply will be substitute by “the last resort supply” and the Administration will establish maximum prices called “last resort tariffs” to guarantee the universal service. The law also establishes different dates to reduce the last resort suppliers (from all the consumers in January 2009 to only those suppliers with electric power lower than 50 Kw by January 2011)

The Law 34/1998 has been also modified (by Law 12/2007) to adapt the sector to Directive 2003/55/CE concerning common rules for the internal market in natural gas. This Directive establishes common rules on the storage, transmission, supply and distribution of natural gas. It lays down detailed rules on the organization and functioning of the natural gas sector, including liquefied natural gas (LNG), biogas and gas from biomass and other types of gas. The new Directive also regulates market access, the criteria and procedures that apply to the granting of licenses for the transmission, storage, distribution and supply of natural gas , and the operation of systems.

The Law 12/2007 substitutes the integral tariff supply by the last resort supply for the gas market as well. It also introduces a calendar to reduce gradually the number of last resort consumers from January 2008 to July 2010.

Other important issues about actual energy policy in Spain are:

  • The 2008-2012 Action Plan of the Saving and Efficiency Strategy in Spain 2004-2012, that aims at generating an accumulated primary energy saving of about 88 million tons equivalent of petrol (equivalent to 60% of the whole consumption of primary energy of the year 2006) and it will involve  a 238 million-ton reduction in CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. This Plan concentrates its efforts around 7 main sectors: Industry, Transport, Construction, Public Services, Residence Equipment, Agriculture and Energy Conversion.                                                                                                                                                                        
  • On 11th May 2007 , the Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade adopted Royal Decree 616/2007 on the development of cogeneration technology for the generation of national electricity and reduction of the energy import dependence. Its aim is fostering the high efficiency cogeneration, increasing the energy efficiency and improving the security of supply.                                                                                                                                                                         
  • According to the 2005-2010 Renewable Energy Plan, 12.1% of the primary energy consumption for the year 2010 will be supplied with renewable energies. The Plan has been elaborated with a view of reinforcing the priority objectives of the Government’s energy policy, which are a guarantee of safety and quality in the electric supply, and respect of the environment. The Plan is also determined to meet Spain’s engagements in the international scope (Kyoto Protocol, Spanish National Emissions Allocation Plan), and those derived from Spain’s membership of the European Union. The growth of energy intensity in the previous years has been an additional forceful reason when it comes to elaborating the new Plan, whose implementation, along with the 2005-2010 Action Plan on Energy Saving and Efficiency must help to reducing the energy consumption and softening the Spanish energy dependence from abroad; and at the same time, it will substantially contribute to reducing pollution.                                                                                                                                                                             
  • The Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade is preparing an energy prospectus in the time frame up to 2030. For this planning the Ministry is analysing different scenarios with a forecast based on trend analysis and taking into account three fundamental variables: CO2 emissions, assurance of supply and costs.             The result of this will be shaping the scenario in 2030 minimizing greenhouse emissions, maximizing the security of supply and reducing energy system costs as far as possible.

 

1.3.The Electricity System

1.3.1.  Electricity Policy and decision making process

As is indicated in other paragraphs, the energy policy in Spain tends to liberalize progressively the markets with the main target of decreasing the energy prices, ensuring the energy supply and the quality, also improving the energy efficiency, reducing the consumption and protecting the environment. This position is expressed by Law 54/1997, of 27 November, on Electric Sector, its amendment and the regulation in relation with it.

The Law establishes regulations to guarantee the electric supply, the quality of it and try to get the lowest cost. It creates a liberalized wholesale market where the Government is responsible for approving the specific regulations and the prices are established by the economic agents.

1.2.2. Structure of the Electricity Power Sector

In Spain, there are four large electricity producers: Endesa, Iberdrola, Unión Fenosa and

Hidroeléctrica del Cantábrico. The most important are the first two mentioned companies; they produced in 2006 about 60% of the national electricity.

Endesa was created in 1958, owned by the State of Spain, with the objective of promoting electric generation in power plants fed by national coal. In the last years the private participation in the company has been increased, and in 1998 the company became totally private. In the last years, Endesa bought other smaller electric companies, like ENHER, GESA, Electra de Viesgo, UNELCO; FECSA, ERZ and Compañía Sevillana de Electricidad.

Iberdrola was created in 1991,when Iberduero and Hidroeléctrica Española were united.

The size of the other two important companies (Unión Fenosa and Hidroeléctrica del Cantábrico) is significantly smaller than the two big ones.

Also, there are “special producers” which with the targets of energy saving and efficiency, produce electric energy using cogeneration (production of heat and electricity) or wind, biomass and wastes energies. In 2006, they produced about 23% of the national electric generation.

Another important company in the Spanish electrical sector is Red Eléctrica de España, S.A. (REE),  responsible for the electricity transportation and the load distribution. It was created in 1985, when the electric companies changed the majority of their installations in relation with electricity transportation, and they got a participation in the capital of this company. At the beginning, the majority of the capital of the company was owned by the State, now every main electric company has 10% of the capital, the rest belongs to private investments and the Spanish State.

The “Compañía Operadora del Mercado Español de Electricidad” (OMEL) (Market Operator), created by the Law 54/1997 on the Electric Sector, is in charge of the management of the electricity sector from the economic point of view. Specifically, it is in charge of the reception of sale and purchase bids, their subsequent matching and settlement of the transactions.

In parallel to the Market Operator, the same Law on the Electric Sector set up the System Operator (which is REE), to take charge of the technical management.

The National Energy Commission (Comisión Nacional de Energía) was created by Law 34/1998 on the Hydrocarbon Sector. Its aim is to regulate the energy systems, to maintain free competition and transparency of the performance, to benefit all the organizations working in the system and the consumers. The Commission has a Steering Committee with the President, Secretary and eight more members, all of them stay in the Commission for a six year period and can be renamed for the same period. The Commission has advising organizations.

1.3.3.      Main Indicators

TABLE 5. ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION, CONSUMPTION AND CAPACITY

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Average annual

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

growth rate (%)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2000

 

1970

1980

1990

2000

2006

2007

To

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2007

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 Capacity of electrical plants (GWe)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

       - Thermal

6.88

13.48

19.67

25.50

43.34

47.84

9.41

       - Hydro

10.88

12.83

16.23

17.99

18.45

18.56

0.45

       - Nuclear

0.15

1.09

7.51

7.57

7.72

7.72

0.28

       - Wind

 

 

 

1.88

11.61

13.79

32.93

       - Solar

 

 

 

 

0.12

0.62

 

       - others renewable

 

 

 

0.02

1.67

0.80

69.3

       - Total

17.91

27.40

43.41

52.96

82.90

89.32

7.76

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 Electricity production (TW.h)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

       - Thermal

27.61 

74.49 

73.68

125.98 

185.62

193.99 

6.37 

       - Hydro

27.78 

29.53 

26.18 

31.81 

29.523 

30.51 

-0.60 

       - Nuclear

0.92 

5.19 

 51.90

 59.31

60.13

55.10

-1.05 

       - Wind

 

 

 

 

23.40 

27.53 

 

       - other renewable

 

 

 

 

4.13 

4.52 

 

       - Total (1)

56.31 

109.20 

151.76 

221.82 

302.97 

312.14 

5.01 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 Electricity consumption (TW.h)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

       - Thermal

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

       - Hydro

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

       - Nuclear

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

       - Wind

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

       - Solar

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

       - others renewable

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

       - Total (1)

 

 

 

73.06

96.50

99.11

4.45

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(1) Electricity losses are not deducted.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Source: IAEA Energy and Economic Database, Libro de la Energía 2007 (tables 3.2.1.3 , 3.2.1.1 and 2.1.1 ), Libro de la Libro de la Energía 2006 (table 3.2.1.1) and Libro de la Energía 2001 (table 2.1.1)


 

2.  NUCLEAR POWER SITUATION

2.1. Historical Development and current nuclear power organizational structure

2.1.1. Overview

Nuclear Energy in Spain was developed in the early 50’s. At that time, the main organization responsible in this field was the Junta de Energía Nuclear, a subordinate organization of the Ministry of Industry and Energy, in charge of personnel training, raw materials procurement, basic scientific research and technology development. In 1964, the Law 25/1964 on Nuclear Energy was enforced, regulating this sector. (Note: the Junta de Energía Nuclear has been replaced by CIEMAT, which is now a subordinated organization of the Ministry of Science and Innovation).

In the late 60’s, the construction of the first generation nuclear power plants José Cabrera, Santa Maria de Garoña and Vandellós I started.

In the early 70’s the construction of the second generation NPPs as Almaraz I and II, Lemóniz I and II, Ascó I and II and Cofrentes started.

In 1972, ENUSA, the former Empresa Nacional del Uranio, S.A., now ENUSA Industrias Avanzadas, S.A., a state owned company, was established, taking charge of all the nuclear fuel cycle front-end activities.

The Law 15/1980 created the Consejo de Seguridad Nuclear (Nuclear Safety Council), the only organization competent in nuclear safety and radiological protection matters in Spain.

In the early 80’s, the construction of the NPPs Valdecaballeros I and II, Vandellós II and Trillo I, NPPs started, and preparatory studies for Trillo II were initiated.

In 1983, a moratorium was established (construction pause) for Lemóniz I and II Valdecaballeros I and II, and Trillo II; in 1994, the definitive cessation was decided of the nuclear power plants under the moratorium.

In 1984, ENRESA (Empresa Nacional de Residuos Radiactivos, S.A.) was established. The State owned company is responsible for the radioactive waste management and the dismantling of nuclear installations in Spain.


2.1.2. Current Organizational Chart(s)

The following Figure shows the Institutional Framework of Nuclear energy in Spain:

 

                               

 

 For information about licensing authorization, see section 3.2 of this document.

 

2.2. Nuclear Power Plants: Status and Operations

2.2.1.  Status of nuclear power plants

Table 7 shows the status of the Spanish NPPs and Figure 1 shows the location of each plant, their owners and shares, the electric power, the type of reactor and the year of connection to the grid.

The Vandellós I NPP is cancelled since 1990, in January 1998 Ministry of Industry and Energy authorized activities of plant dismantling. Activities authorized consists in dismantling to Level 2, which will allow more than 80% of the site to be released. After a waiting period estimated at some 30 years will be initiated of works to Level 3 dismantling, that will leave the site completely free for subsequent unrestricted use. In the middle of 2003 were ended the authorized activities.

TABLE 7. STATUS OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

Station

Type

Net

Operator

Status

Reactor

Construction

Criticality

Grid

Commercial

Shutdown

 

 

Capacity

 

 

Supplier

Date

Date

Date

Date

Date

ALMARAZ-1

PWR 

944.43 

CNAT 

Operational 

WEST 

02/07/1973 

05/04/1981 

01/05/1981 

01/09/1983 

 

ALMARAZ-2

PWR 

955.70 

CNAT 

Operational 

WEST 

02/07/1973 

19/09/1983 

08/10/1983 

01/07/1984 

 

ASCO-1

PWR 

995.8 

ANAV 

Operational 

WEST 

16/05/1974 

16/06/1983 

13/08/1983 

10/12/1984 

 

ASCO-2

PWR 

997.2 

ANAV  

Operational 

WEST 

07/03/1975 

11/09/1985 

23/10/1985 

31/03/1986 

 

COFRENTES

BWR 

1063.9

IB G

Operational

GE

09/09/1975

23/08/1984

14/10/1984

11/03/0985

 

JOSE CABRERA

PWR 

141.7

UF G

Shutdown

WEST

24/06/1964

30/06/1968

14/07/1968

13/08/1969

30/04/2006

SANTA MARIA DE GAROÑA

BWR 

446

NUCLENOR

Operational

GE

02/05/1966

15/11/1970

02/03/1971

11/05/1971

 

TRILLO-1

PWR 

1000

CNAT 

Operational 

KWU

17/08/1979

14/05/1988

23/05/1988

06/08/1988

 

VANDELLOS-2

PWR 

1045.7

ANAV 

Operational 

WEST 

29/12/1980

14/11/1987

12/12/1987

08/03/1988

 

VANDELLOS-1

PWR 

508

HIFRENSA

Latency

CEA

21/06/1968

11/02/1972

06/05/1972

01/08/1972

19/10/1989

 

Source: Spanish Power Nuclear Power Plants in 2007-UNESA

                                                   

 

        FIG.1. Location of Spanish NPPs

 

2.2.2. Performance of NPPs

Nuclear generation amounted to 55,103 million kWh in 2007, which has meant an 8.3% decrease with regard to the previous year. Likewise, Load and Operation Factors have decreased to 81.3% and 83.37% respectively, moving away from the 90% mark where they used to be at. These figures are essentially shaped by two refuelling outages which were excessively drawn out due to the complications that arose in two far-reaching activities that were expected to be carried out in Cofrentes and Vandellós II.

Additionally, in 2007 all plants have had outages save one (Almaraz I, which has had an excellent performance throughout the year). Consequently, both planned and unplanned energy capability loss factors have risen to 10.88% and 6.79%, clearly greater than those of the preceding year. With all this, the unit capability factor was 82.33% as against 89.06% of the previous year.

There have been 13 unplanned shutdowns in Spanish nuclear power plants as a whole compared to the 23 of 2006; thus a substantial improvement is appreciated in this sense. Of these 13 shutdowns, 8 have been unplanned scrams and 5 have been carried out by operators following normal shutdown procedures. None of these shutdowns has had any impact on the safety of the facilities or on the radiological protection of the operating personnel, the public or the environment. Thus, shutdown ratios per reactor and year have improved, hitting very low values (0.62 unplanned manual shutdowns/reactor·year and 1.00 scrams/reactor·year).

2.2.3. Plant upgrading, plant life management and license renewals

On 4th of July of 2006, Nuclenor submitted the application for the 10-year renewal of the Santa María de Garoña NPP operating license to the Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade. This is a perceptive administrative procedure contemplated in the Operating License in force. The Ministry has transferred the documentation attached to the application to the Nuclear Safety Council for elaboration of the corresponding technical binding report.

2.2.4. Nuclear Power plant Construction (NOT APLICABLE)

2.2.5. Decommissioning information, status and plans

The Vandellós I NPP is cancelled since 1990, in January 1998 Ministry of Industry and Energy authorized activities of plant dismantling. From year 2003, the plant is in latency period: the non-released parts of the site will remain under the responsibility and surveillance of ENRESA. This situation will be maintained for 25 years, a period during which the radiological activity of the internal structures of the reactor box will decay approximately 5% of the initial value.

On completion of the latency period, around year 2028, the last level dismantling will begin, this including removal of the reactor box and its internals and the complete release of the site

Since the beginning of May 2006, José Cabrera NPP remains shutdown in compliance with the Order of the Ministry of Economic Affairs of October 2002 which set 30th April 2006 as the date of permanent shutdown of the plant. Operations for decontamination of the plant primary circuit were carried out in November and December 2006.

On December 15th, the Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade authorised Union Fenosa Generación  to implement and erect the modification of the spent fuel storage system to incorporate an Individual Temporary Storage (ATI in Spanish). The construction of the ATI is already finished and the expected date for completing the transport of the spent fuel casks from pools to ATI is April of 2009.

2.3.    Nuclear power development/Launching first nuclear power project (NOT APPLICABLE)

2.4.     Suppliers of NPPs

Architect Engineers

The Spanish Engineering Companies which play the main role in the National Nuclear Sector are Empresarios Agrupados, Initec, Inypsa and Sener. These companies have collaborated solely or in consortium with others in launching the first generation NPPs and in successive projects, increasing progressively the nuclear installed capacity. The first NPPs were carried out as turn-key projects and only in the following projects were local engineering companies involved. The scope of each project has been different, having the engineering companies focused on different activities such as design, licensing, procurement operations and collaboration in start-up and in tests. At this moment, as there are no NPPs under construction, these Architect Engineers companies have concentrated on operational support, shutdown and decommissioning of NPPs, research and development and radioactive waste engineering activities.

NSSS Manufacturers

The main Spanish NSSS manufacturer is ENSA (Equipos Nucleares, S.A.), which designs, produces and inspects NPPs primary circuit equipment and components. Its manufacturing plant is located in Maliaño (Cantabria). This company is State owned through the Sociedad Estatal de Participaciones Industriales (SEPI), which controls 100% of its shares. ENSA is also constructing double purpose casks, called ENSA-DPT, to store and/or transport up to 21 PWR KWU spent fuel assemblies.

ENSA has provided primary circuit equipment’s as steam generators, reactor vessels, etc. and components to the second and third generation Spanish NPPs and has exported to several countries as: Germany, Argentina, United Kingdom, India, United States of America, Belgium and others.

Other Main Component Suppliers

The last NPPs built in Spain enclosed a large range of domestically made equipment and components. The following list of national manufacturers aims to be useful and includes only the main companies.

Turbines: Eumynsa, Tamoin Power Services

Pumps: Chepro, Amara Vorkauf

Air compressor: Abrasivos y Maquinaria

Valves: Masoneilan, Ringo Válvulas.

Electric equipments: Cantarey Reinosa, Gamesa Energía.

Instrumentation & Control: Indra Sistemas, TSI.

 

   2.5.     Organizations engaged in operation of NPPs

   Operators

   The following table shows the different operators of Spanish NPP.

 

NPP

Licence Owner

Operator

Cofrentes

Iberdrola Generación, S.A.

Iberdrola Generación, S.A.

Sta. Mª de Garoña

Nuclenor, S.A. (Iberdrola Generación, S.A. 50%; ENDESA Generación, S.A. 50%)

Nuclenor, S.A.

Almaraz I

y Almaraz II

Iberdrola Generación, S.A. (52,7%); ENDESA Generación, S.A. (36%); Unión Fenosa Generación, S.A. (11,3%)

Centrales Nucleares Almaraz-Trillo, A.I.E.

Trillo

Iberdrola Generación, S.A. (48%); Unión Fenosa Generación, S.A. (34,5%); Hidrocantábrico (15,5%); Nuclenor, S.A. (2%)

Ascó I

ENDESA Generación, S.A.

Asociación Nuclear Ascó-Vandellós II, A.I.E.

Ascó II

ENDESA Generación, S.A. (85%); Iberdrola Generación, S.A. (15%)

Vandellós II

ENDESA Generación, S.A. (72%); Iberdrola Generación, S.A. (28%)

 

Operation Service Suppliers

There are several companies who offer operational services in the nuclear sector, as TECNATOM, LAINSA, ENWESA and NUSIM. TECNATOM provides training services to operational personnel of NPPs. It has PWR and BWR simulators. TECNATOM has also carried out several in service inspection and maintenance activities giving support to the Spanish NPPs. LAINSA, ENWESA and NUSIM are focusing on maintenance and operational support to NPPs, quality assurance, radiological protection and various activities.

 2. 6. Fuel Cycle and Waste Management

2.6.1. Front End Activities

The front end of the nuclear fuel cycle is understood to include the processes relating to the production of nuclear energy, among them the acquisition and application of the nuclear materials used in operating nuclear reactors.  In the case of front end activities developed in Spain, this includes the manufacturing of fuel assemblies. 

ENUSA Industrias Avanzadas operates a nuclear fuel manufacturing plant located in Juzbado (Salamanca) that produces fuel elements for most PWRs and BWRs in Spain and for some reactors in Sweden, Germany, France, Finland, Belgium and USA.

In 2007, 821 fuel assemblies were manufactured, 517 PWR assemblies and 304 BWR assemblies, which in all are equivalent to 264.7 tons of uranium; of these, 23% have for the national market and 52% for other countries.

Due to the Uranium lower market price, the ENUSA mining activities in Saelices el Chico (Salamanca) stopped at the end of 2000. The Uranium concentrates from ENUSA comes from COMINAK and from several foreign companies. COMINAK is a company from Niger, owned by several foreign companies including ENUSA, which holds 10% of its shares.

There are no Uranium conversion and enrichment plants in Spain. ENUSA owns 11% of Eurodif, European consortium with enrichment factories in France. ENUSA has signed several contracts with companies abroad for Uranium conversion and enrichment activities.

2.6.2.     Back End Activities

ENRESA (Empresa Nacional de Residuos Radiactivos, S.A.), the State owned company, was set up in 1984 and is in charge of the radioactive waste management activities and the dismantling of nuclear installations. Its duties are as follows:

  • Radioactive waste treatment and conditioning.
  • Searching for locations, design, construction and operation of interim and final storage centres for high, medium and low level radioactive wastes.
  • Management of the different operations related to the decommissioning of nuclear and radioactive installations.
  • To establish systems for collecting, transferring and transporting radioactive wastes.
  • To give support to civil protection services in case of nuclear emergencies.
  • Final and safe conditioning of wastes derived from the mining and milling processes.
  • Assuring of the long-term management of every radioactive waste storage facility.
  • To carry out the appropriate technical and economic studies, considering the deferred costs and to outline the proper economic policy.

ENRESA has a medium and low-level and radioactive waste storage installation located in El Cabril, Córdoba. In 1998 the Parliamentary Commission for Industry and Energy approved a resolution urging the Government to initiate the actions required for Spain to develop the capacity to dispose of very low level waste On the 21st of July 2008, the Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade authorised the operation of the first cell.

ENRESA draws up a proposal of General Radioactive Waste Plan, as established in the Royal Decree by which the company was constituted, and submits it to the Ministry of Industry and Energy for approval by the Government.

The GENERAL RADIOACTIVE WASTE PLAN (GRWP) itself is the basic reference document that deals with all the strategies and actions to be undertaken in Spain in the different fields of radioactive waste management and the dismantling of facilities, along with the corresponding economic-financial study

On June23rd 2006 the Spanish Government approved the 6th General Radioactive Waste Plan.The basic reference scenario of the 6th GRWP may be summarized as follows:

- Current nuclear fleet with 6 NPP’s in operation (8 reactors). The installed electrical power as of 31/12/2005, 7,876 MWe, was reduced to 7,716 MWe as a result of the definitive shutdown of José Cabrera NPP on 30/04/2006.

- 40 years service lifetime for the 6 operating NPP’s with a production rate similar to that existing at present.

- Open fuel cycle; i.e., the option of reprocessing the spent fuel is not contemplated.

- Total dismantling (Level 3) of the light water NPP’s, to be initiated 3 years after their definitive shutdown.

On the basis of all the above, the total volume of radioactive waste to be managed in Spain, conditioned and ready for definitive disposal at the ENRESA installations at El Cabril, will be some 176,300 m3 In the case of the LILW, this also includes those wastes that in view of their very low levels of activity may be managed specifically (VLLW). Furthermore, the volume of wastes not open to disposal at El Cabril would amount, following encapsulation, to some 12,800 m3, some 10,000 m3 of which would be spent fuel (6,674 tU) and the rest other intermediate or high level wastes from reprocessing or the dismantling of the NPP’s.

In terms of High Level Wastes (HLW), in the next few years it will be necessary to have available sufficient temporary storage capacity, most of these needs converging on the period 2009 – 2014.

With regard to definitive management, it should be pointed out that in Spain work has been on-going since 1985 on the deep geological disposal option, in 4 basic areas:

- Site Selection Plan (SSP), which was paralysed in 1996 and that has provided sufficient information to ensure the existence in the Spanish sub-soil of an abundance of granite and clay, and to a lesser extent saline, formations capable of housing a definitive disposal installation, these being widely distributed geographically.

- Performance of conceptual designs for a definitive disposal facility in each of the aforementioned lithologies, searching for the maximum convergence (points in common) between them.

- Performance of Safety Assessment exercises with respect to the conceptual designs, integrating the know-how achieved through the works and projects performed on the basis of the successive R&D Plans, these underlining the fact that deep geological disposal facilities allow the safety and quality criteria applicable to this type of installations to be met.

- The R&D Plans that have evolved and adapted to the Spanish SF/HLW management programme. These plans have allowed technical knowledge to be acquired and national working teams to be trained in the development of the definitive disposal option, participating in international research projects and in demonstration projects in overseas underground laboratories.

The basic Spanish strategy in this field focuses on the temporary storage of spent fuel and HLW on the basis of a dry storage system guaranteeing the safety and protection of people and the environment over the time periods required for their definitive or very long term management.

Specifically, the solution proposed, in view of the analyses performed from the technical, strategic and economical points of view, is based on the availability of a vault type Centralised Temporary Storage (CTS) facility whose operating period would be some 60 years. From the point of view of economic calculation and planning, it has been assumed that a definitive disposal facility could be put into operation around the year 2050, which would house the spent fuel, the HLW and those other intermediate activity wastes that cannot be sent to the El Cabril facility.

The 23rd of June 2006  the government of Spain approved the establishment of an Interministerial Commission to oversee the development of a centralised interim storage facility for HLW guaranteeing that the process comply with the principles of  transparency, publicity and concurrence. This Commission is supported by a Technical Committee. The chosen site would also host a high-level technology centre.

2.7.  Research and Development

2.7.1. R&D Organizations

The Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade, in collaboration with the Nuclear Safety Council (CSN), the electricity industry and other agents involved in the nuclear sector, has set up in 2007 a Technology Platform on Fission Nuclear Energy (CEIDEN), in order to coordinate the different national programs and plans on R&D and foster also the participation of Spanish companies or institutions in international R&D programs. The five main programs that CEIDEN is working on are:

            - Dry storage and transport of spent fuel

            - Study and use of materials coming from José Cabrera NPP

            - Jules Horowitz Reactor iniciative

            - Advanced Reactors

            - Radiological Protection: internal dosimetry.

The Ministry of Science and Innovation elaborates each four years a Research and Development National Plan which defines the R&D policy. On the 12th of July 2007, the R&D National Plan 2008-2011 was approved by the Interministerial Commission on Science and Technology. Nuclear Energy is included in the Energy Sector.

CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas) is an institution under on the Ministry of Science and Innovation. One of its duties is nuclear research. It collaborates with several institutions in Spain and abroad.

In the ENRESAS´s 2004-2008 R&D program, there are four main areas of work that deal with:

- waste technology

- interim storage facility of spent fuel

- long-term evolution and assessment

- installations support.

The Nuclear Safety Council develops a five-year R&D Plan (2003-2007). This plan includes a number of projects which are undertaken in collaboration with different national and international organisations, among which special mention might be made of the Spanish universities, public centres and companies. The current CSN’s Five Years Research Plan includes the following lines or programmes:

-          spent fuel

-          primary circuit pressure barrier

-          containment integrity

-          Probabilistic safety analysis and human resources

-          Radiological Protection

-          Radiological Impact Assessment and Decreasing

-          safe management of HLW and Spent Fuel

-          Advanced Nuclear Power Plants

2.7.2. Development of advanced nuclear Technologies

About the R&D programs dealing with Advanced Reactors see previous and next Section

In Spain there is no implementation plan on advanced nuclear technologies

2.7.3.International Co-operation and Initiatives

Spain, as member of the European Union, carries out most of its international activities within that framework. In the EU the most important programmes are R&D Framework Programme (see Council Decision of 18 Dec 2006 concerning the 7th FP of Euratom) and the

Community Action Plan, as well as programmes for technical assistance to the countries of Eastern and Central Europe, mainly PHARE and TACIS. Spain participates in the Chernobyl Shelter Implementation Plan and is Member of the Contributor Assembly Fund established in EBRD (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development).

Spain is one of the 28 members of the International Project on Innovative Nuclear Reactors and Fuel Cycles (INPRO), whose objective is to support the safe, sustainable, economic and proliferation-resistant use of nuclear technology to meet the global energy needs of the 21st century.

On Sept 2007, an European Technology Platform on Sustainable Nuclear Energy was launched. This platform should include the most important and innovative companies and other organisations working on nuclear energy in Europe, and represent a balance of expert knowledge and stake-holder interests (industry, utilities, research organisations, universities, public bodies). It should establish a Strategic Research Agenda for developing technologies, taking into account users’ requirements as well as safety considerations

Moreover, Spain participates in the programmes of Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA/OECD) and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

2.8. Human Resources Development

The Spanish Nuclear Sector generates 9000 direct employments (3500 of which are superior) and about 10000 indirect employments. The stimated average age of employers is 45-50 years, so next years a renewal of at least half of the workers will be needed.

Nowadays in Spain the specific nuclear postgraduate training is given to 100-150 people.

The Universidad Politécnica de Madrid in collaboration with Tecnatom, gives a Master on Electric Generation Technologies. The fifth part of this Degree is about nuclear energy subject.

The CIEMAT, which has a wide experience in training on nuclear energy, is developing together with Universidad Autónoma de Madrid the Master Degree on Nuclear Technology: Fission, Fusion and Nuclear Medicine.

Finally, In order to contribute to ensuring that NPP and other industrial facilities have optimally qualified operations, maintenance, engineering and technical support personnel whose performance serve to improve safety, availability and economic efficiency, TECNATOM provides overall training services in the following fields:

- Process technology

- Operation and maintenance

- Materials, non-destructive testing

- Human factors

- Management skills.

3. NATIONAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS

3.1. Main National Laws and Regulations in Nuclear Power

-          Law 25/1964 on Nuclear Energy (Ley 25/1964 sobre Energía Nuclear, de 29 de abril) as amended. This Law has been developed by the Royal Decree 1836/1999 for Nuclear and Radioactive Facilities Regulation and by the Royal Decree 783/2001, which formulates the Regulation of Sanitary Protection against Ionised Radiation, and substitutes the previous one, in force since 1992. Nuclear and Radioactive Facilities Regulation (Royal Decree 1836/1999 ) has been amended by Royal Decree 35/2008 approved on Januaryr 18th  2008.

-          El Consejo de Seguridad Nuclear (Nuclear Safety Council) was established by Law 15/1980, of April 22, and a Royal Decree defined the status of its employees. From this time several acts and regulations have amended some of the initial provisions, particularly Law 14/1999 governing Public Tariffs and Prices for its services. The Law 15/1980 has been amended by Law 33/2007 in order to take into account: the acquired experience during the last years, add all the amendments from 1980, adapt it to the increasing social sensibility related to environment, add the required mechanisms that manage to guarantee the effective independence and reinforce both transparency and efficiency of such Council.

The provisions related with nuclear fuel cycle, initially contained in a Royal Decree of 1979, are at present covered by different legal texts.  Royal Decree 1464/1999 governs the front-end of nuclear fuel cycle and tends to liberalize the supplies, according to Law 54/1997 on the Electric Sector

Several Acts and Decrees are applicable to the back end of the fuel cycle. This regulation started in 1983 with Ministerial Order providing that percentage of electric bill shall be deducted of electricity price to create a fund for covering the costs of the various activities that this back implies. In 1984, the Empresa Nacional de Residuos Radiactivos, S. A. (ENRESA), the company in charge of these activities was created. Other regulations that have developed the way and means that ENRESA shall follow and apply to finance its activities with the fund are:

  • Royal Decree 1349/2003 of 31st October, on regulation of ENRESA activities and funding.
  • Electricity Industry Act 54/1997 of 27th November.

— Additional provision four, section 2: Definition of radioactive waste and coverage.

  • Royal Decree Act 5/2005 of 11th March, on urgent productivity promotion reforms and Government procurements improvement, which under section twenty-five provides the new wording for additional provision six of the Electricity Industry Act, Law 54/1997 of 27th November, with regard to the Fund for financing of General Radioactive Waste Plan activities.

This additional provision six of the Electricity Industry Act was modified by Law 33/2007 of November 7 2007,  that amends Law 15/1980, of April 22

  • Productivity Promotion Reforms Act 24/2005 of 18th November.

Section eight. Formation of State Business Entity,  ENRESA,  responsible for management of radioactive waste

Within the back-end regulation, the Royal Decree 775/2006 of 23 April 2006 establishes the Inter-ministerial Commission, following the Recommendations of the Congress, whose role is to develop the site selection process, including the criteria for evaluating potential sites for a Centralized Temporary Storage facility (CTS) for the dry storage of spent fuel and high level waste until a long-term waste management facility is available.

The civil liability for nuclear damage is ruled in accordance with the principles on International Conventions in this field in which Spain is Contracting Party (Paris and Brussels Conventions). In year 2004, these Conventions were modified. In order to adapt these modifications to Spanish regulation on this item, the following measures have been taken:

-    Spanish Parliament and Senate have approved these modifications in November 2005. The actual civil liability for nuclear damage regulation, Section VII of Law 25/1964 on Nuclear Energy, is being reviewed to take into account the modifications of Paris and Brussels Conventions, so a new Act on civil liability will be made.

-    According to the new text of Article 57 Law 25/1964 on Nuclear Energy  (given by Law  17/2007) the amount imposed to operators to cover the civil liability is of 700  millions Euros. A lower limit can be imposed by the Ministry of Industry and Energy to installations and transports of lower risk, provided that the amount was not less than 30 millions euros. Regardless of this, a Royal Decree will be made to take into account the civil liability for nuclear environmental damage in Spanish territory until the new Law on civil liability will be approved.

3.2. Regulatory authority and the licensing process

With regard to nuclear energy, the Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade and the Nuclear Safety Council are the main government authorities.

The main tasks and duties of the Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade are:

  •  to dictate norms and rules;
  •  grant licenses for:

nuclear & radioactive installations

responsibility of regional authorities;

transport of radioactive materials;

nuclear materials commerce/trading.

Other powers are:

  •  to suspend permits, in some specific cases;
  •  power to sanction the law transgressions;
  •  to propose the radioactive waste policy.
  • to follow up the complying of international commitments as non proliferation, physical protection or civil liability.
  • to manage the Administrative Registers on Nuclear items

The Nuclear Safety Council is the competent Organization in matters of nuclear safety and radiation protection. The Council is formed by 5 Members which are designated by the Government through a proposal of the Minister of Industry, Tourism and Trade. They must be accepted by a 3/5 majority of Parliament.

At present, its Secretariat has about 400 people. It has permanently two inspectors at every NPP site and its main tasks are:

      .         to issue the perceptive Safety Reports, previous to the authorization by Minister of Industry, Tourism and Trade

·         to carry out all kind of inspections with capability to suspend the activity in case of a risk;

·         to propose to the Government norms and rules concerning nuclear safety and radiological protection;

·         to propose to the Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade sanctions in matters of nuclear safety and radiation protection;

·         to grant licenses for operators of nuclear and radioactive installations;

·         to inform the public about subjects of its competence;

·         to report every year to the Parliament about its activities

The nuclear installation licensing procedure in Spain is regulated by the Law 25/1964 on Nuclear Energy as amended. The provisions of this Law have been developed by Royal Decree 1836/1999

Nuclear and Radioactive Facilities Regulation, approved December 3rd 1999, on the procedure for licensing the nuclear and radioactive installations regulation. To license nuclear installations, the following successive authorizations are needed:

Siting authorization: it is a formal acknowledge of the purpose and the location submitted;

Construction authorization: it permits to start up the construction of the installation;

Operation authorization: it permits to introduce nuclear fuel in the plant and to operate the

plant.

Also for plant dismantling and plant modification, an authorization is required prior to begin of the activity. Figure 2 shows the nuclear installation licensing procedure. These authorizations and permissions are granted by the Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade, under previous and perceptive report referring to nuclear safety and radiological protection issued by the CSN (Nuclear Safety Council). This report is binding in case of authorization denying, as same as its requirements if there exist. Before granting a construction authorization, the project must de submitted for an environmental appraisal to the Ministry of Environment. As a consequence of this analysis, the project can be yield to certain requirements.

To obtain theses authorizations and permissions, the documents determined in the current regulations must be submitted to the licensing authorities and the suitable tests, analyses and validations must be performed. Nuclear installations require authorizations granted by other administrative bodies, belonging to local administrations, according the rules of these bodies. Before granting the siting authorization, a 30 days period is established for public hearings. During this period anyone can present allegations.

 

                       

FIG. 2. Licensing of nuclear installations.

REFERENCES

[1] España Anuario Estadístico (varios años). Instituto Nacional de Estadística.

[2] IMF World Economic Outlook Database 

[3] Boletín Estadístico de Hidrocarburos (En 2008)

[4] La energía en España (2001,2006 y 2007) Ministerio de Industria Turismo y Comercio.

[5] IAEA Energy and Economic Data Base (EEDB).

[6] Sixth General Radioactive Waste Plan (June 2006)

[7] IAEA Power Reactor Information System (PRIS).

[8] Spanish Power Nuclear Power Plants in 2007-UNESA

 

Appendix 1

INTERNATIONAL, MULTILATERAL AND BILATERAL AGREEMENTS

In 1985, Spain adhered to the Treaties that constitute the European Communities and in the first

January 1986 Spain became a European Communities Member State. From this moment, international and national legislation applicable in Spain is accomplished according to the rules of the European Union.

Moreover, Spain is a Member State of the IAEA and of the OECD/NEA, whose Constitutive Treaties, Conventions and additional Treaties have been ratified.
 

Area

Treaty

Document

Signature

Spanish Signature

Effect Date

Effect Date for Spain

Euratom

Euratom

 

25/03/1957

 

01/01/1958

01/01/1986

Safeguards

NPT (Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty)

INFCIRC/140

01/07/1968

 

05/03/1970

05/11/1987

 Agreement between the European Atomic Energy Community and the Agency in implementation of Article III (1) and (4) of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

INFCIRC/193

05/04/1973

 

21/02/1977

05/04/1989

Protocol additional to the Agreement between the European Atomic Energy Community and the International Atomic Energy Agency for the Application of Safeguards

GOV/1998/30

22/09/1998

22/09/1998

30/04/2004

30/04/2004

Physical Protection

Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material

INFCIRC/274/Rev1

03/03/1980

07/04/1986

08/02/1987

06/10/1991

Ammendment to the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material

 

08/07/2005

 

Not yet

Not yet

Civil Liability

Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage and its Protocol to Amend

INFCIRC/500 INFCIRC/566

21/05/63, 12/09/97

Signed 1963 convention (not the ammendment)

12/12/77, 04/10/03

 

Paris Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage 1960,1964,1982

 

29/07/60, 28/01/64, 16/11/82

29/07/60, 28/01/64, 16/11/82

01/04/68, 07/10/88

07/10/1988

Protocol to Amend the Paris Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (2004)

 

12/02/2004

12/02/2004

Not yet

Not yet

Complement to Paris Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage- Brussels

 

31/01/63, 28/01/64, 16/11/82

31/01/63, 28/01/64, 16/11/82

Dec-74, 01/08/91

01/08/1991

Protocol to Amend Brussels Convention (2004)

 

12/02/2004

12/02/2004

Not yet

Not yet

Convention  on supplementary compensation for nuclear damage

INFCIRC/567

29/09/1997

No signature

Not yet

 

Joint Protocol

INFCIRC/402

21/09/1988

21/09/1988

27/04/1992

Not yet

Nuclear Safety

Convention on Nuclear Safety

INFCIRC/449

20/09/1994

15/10/1994

24/10/1996

24/10/1996

Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management
and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management

INFCIRC/546

05/09/1997

30/06/1998

18/06/2001

18/06/2001

Area

Treaty

Document

Signature

Spanish Signature

Effect Date

Effect Date for Spain

Nuclear Tests

CTBTO (Comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty organization)

 

10/09/1996

24/09/1996

No yet, waiting for the signature of some required states, such as India, Packistan or USA

No yet, waiting for the signature of some required states, such as India, Packistan or USA

Partial test ban (Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and under Water)

 

05/08/1963

13/08/1963

10/10/1963

17/08/1964

Nuclear Accidents

Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident

INFCIRC/335

26/09/1986

26/09/1986

27/10/1986

14/10/1989

Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency

INFCIRC/336

26/09/1986

26/09/1986

26/02/1987

14/10/1989

IAEA

Agreement on the Privileges and Immunities of the International Atomic Energy Agency

INFCIRC/9 Rev2

01/07/1959

Approved by Border Gobernors

29/07/1960

21/05/1984

Revised Supplementary Agreement Concerning the Provision of Technical
Assistance by the IAEA

RSA

not apply

10/06/1980

not apply

10/06/1980

Agreement on the Privileges and Immunities of the ITER International Fusion Energy Organization for the Joint Implementation of the ITER Project

INFCIRC/703

21/11/2006

EURATOM

24/10/2007

24/10/2007

Nuclear Terrorism

International Convention for the supression of International Terrorism

 

13/04/2005

14/09/2005

07/07/2007

07/07/2007

Others

Antartic Treaty

 

01/12/1959

 

23/06/1961

31/03/1982

Sea-bed treaty

 

11/02/1971

 

18/05/1972

15/07/1987

Outer Space Treaty…Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space…

 

27/01/1967

 

10/10/1967

 

Groups

Zangger Comittee

INFCIRC/209

24/05/1905

01/05/1993

 

 

Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)

INFCIRC/254 parts I y II

27/05/1905

10/06/1905

 

 

Wassenaar Agreement

 

19/12/1995

19/12/1995

 

 

 

 

Appendix 2

MAIN ORGANIZATIONS, INSTITUTIONS AND COMPANIES INVOLVED IN NUCLEAR POWER RELATED ACTIVITIES

 

 NATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AUTHORITY

Ministerio de Industria Turismo y Comercio                          Tel: +34 902 446006

Paseo de la Castellana 160                                               Fax: +34 91 4578066

E-28046 Madrid                                                               www.mityc.es                                                        

Consejo de Seguridad Nuclear (CSN)                                   Tel:  +34 91 3460100

Nuclear safety and radiological protection                             Fax:  +34 91 3460588

Justo Dorado, 11                                                              www.csn.es

E-28040 Madrid                                                                 

 

MAIN POWER UTILITIES

Trillo 1                                                                             www.cnat.es

Vandellós II                                                                      www.anav.es

Almaraz                                                                           www.cnat.es

Ascó                                                                               www.anav.es

Santa María de Garoña                                                       www.nuclenor.org

 

OTHER NUCLEAR ORGANIZATIONS

CIEMAT

Research and development centre                                         Tel.: +34-91-3466000

Avenida de la Complutense, 22                                              Fax: +34-91-3466005

E-28040 Madrid                                                                  www.ciemat.es

UNESA

Asociación Española de la Industria Eléctrica                           Tel.:  +34 91 5674900

Francisco Gervás, 3                                                             Fax:  +34 91-5674988

28020 Madrid                                                                      www.unesa.es

TECNATOM, S.A.

Service inspection and maintenance                                      Tel.: +34 91 659 8600

Avda. Montes de Oca, 1                                                      Fax:  +34 91 659 8677

28703 San Sebastián de los Reyes (MADRID)                            www.tecnatom.es

EMPRESARIOS AGRUPADOS A.I.E.                                          Tel.:  +34-91-3098000

Architect-Engineering                                                          Fax:  +34-91 591 26 55

Magallanes, 3                                                                     www.empre.es

28015 Madrid                                                                     

ENRESA

Back-end of the fuel cycle                                                   Tel.:  +34-91-5668100

Emilio Vargas, 7                                                                  Fax:  +34-91-5668169

28043 Madrid                                                                      www.enresa.es

ENUSA

Front-end of the fuel cycle                                                    Tel.:  +34-91-3474200

Santiago Rusiñol, 12                                                              Fax:  +34-91-3474215

28040 Madrid                                                                      www.enusa.es

The EURATOM-CIEMAT

Association for fusion (Spain)                                                 www-fusion.ciemat.es

Nuclear Engineering Department

Polytechnic University of Madrid                                              www.din.upm.es

Iberdrola                                                                             www.iberdrola.es

Endesa                                                                               www.endesa.es

Unión FENOSA                                                                      www.unionfenosa.es

Spanish Nuclear Industrial Forum                                             www.foronuclaer.org

Spanish Nuclear Society (SNE)                                                www.sne.es