FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA
(Profile added on August 2009)
1.GENERAL INFORMATION
1.1. Country Overview
1.1.1. Governmental System
Nigeria is a constitutional democracy and operates a federal system of
government. The Nigerian federation consists of a Federal Government at the
apex and thirty-six states, and the Federal Capital territory which includes
the administrative capital, Abuja. There are also 774 Municipal Councils or
Local Government Areas in the federation. The Federal Government has the
exclusive responsibility for foreign policy, national security, defense,
monetary policy and national planning. Nigeria operates a presidential
system of government similar to the American system. At the federal or
national level, there is an Executive President elected popularly on the
platform of a political party. The president forms a government of
Ministers (Secretaries). The federal legislature consists of the Senate and
House of Representatives of elected members. Each state has an elected
Executive Governor and members of the State House of Assembly while the
Local Governments elect a Chairman and councilors. The three-tiers of
government share revenues and allocate responsibilities according to the
provisions of the Constitution. The official currency is the Naira (N1
= 100 Kobo).
Nigeria is located on
the west coast of Africa. It is bordered on the north by the Niger and Chad;
on the east by Cameroon; on the west by the Benin; and is bounded on the south by the Gulf of Guinea and Equatorial Guinea. It has a total area of 923,766 square
kilometers of which the land area consists of 910,768 square kilometers,
while the balance of 13,000 square kilometers is water, with a total
coastline of 853 kilometers. The land area spans
over six ecological zones, ranging from swampy coastal rain forest of the
South to the semi-arid fertile grassland
of the
Eastern region, about 600
meters over the Northern region and 300 meters over the Western region. The
Coastal southern regions are the low-lying grounds which are generally below
300 meters and are characterized by creeks and lagoons on both sides of the
Niger delta. The main drainage systems are the Niger-Benue Rivers, the Lake
Chad and the coastal river systems as shown in the map in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Map of
Nigeria.
Source: UN Statistics Division
The official language is English, and the
major indigenous languages are Hausa, Yoruba and Igbo. The main religions
are Islam (50%), Christianity (40%) and Traditional (10%). The main
commercial and industrial cities are Lagos, Onitsha, Kano, Ibadan, Port
Harcourt, Aba, Maiduguri, Kaduna, Warri, Benin. Sea ports are located at
Lagos (Apapa, Tin-can Island), Warri, Port Harcourt, Onne Deep Sea and Hub
Port and Calabar (EPZ), while international airports are at Lagos, Kano,
Port Harcourt and Abuja. In the area of transportation, the road network
consists of over 15,000 km of intercity all weather paved roads, including
dual carriage express trunks. There are two main railway lines (South-West
to North-East; South-East to North-West) inter-linked and terminating at
Lagos, Port Harcourt, Kaura Namoda, Maiduguri and Nguru; with major
junctions at Kaduna, Kafanchan and Zaria. Gauge: 1067mm; and a total length
of 3505 route km.
The
vegetation is typical of what is obtainable in a tropical climate. There are
four broad vegetation belts: the Mangrove Swamp on the coast, the Rain
Forest, the Woodland Savannah, and the Guinea and Sudan Savannah in the
North.
Temperatures across the country are relatively
high with a very narrow variation in seasonal and diurnal ranges (22-38
degrees Celsius). There are two basic seasons: wet season which lasts from
April to October; and the dry season which lasts from November till March.
The dry season commences with the Harmattan, a dry chilly spell that lasts
till February and is associated with lower temperatures, a dusty and hazy
atmosphere brought about by the North-Easterly winds blowing from the
Arabian peninsula across the Sahara; the second half of the dry season,
February - March, is the hottest period of the year when temperatures range
from 33 to 38 degrees centigrade. The extremes of the wet season are felt on
the southeastern coast where annual rainfall might reach a high of 330cm;
while the extremes of the dry season, in aridity and high temperatures, are
felt in the north third of the country.
Nigeria, with a population of more than 150
million, is a highly populated country with a wide diversity of peoples. The
population is made up of about 374 distinct ethnic groups. Three of them,
Hausa, Ibo and Yoruba are the major groups and constitute over 40 per cent
of the population. In fact, about 10 ethnic linguistic groups constitute
more than 80% of the population: the other large groups are Ijaw, Tiv,
Ibibio, Kanuri, Nupe, Gwari, Igala, Jukun, Idoma, Fulani, Edo, and Urhobo.
The gender divide of Nigeria's population, as indicated by the last census
in 2006, reflects an unusual imbalance in favour of male dominance; 51%
male: 49% female. Tables 1 to 6 depict the national demographic, economic
and energy statistics.
TABLE 1. POPULATION
INFORMATION
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Average annual
growth rate (%) |
|
Year |
1970 |
1980 |
1990 |
2000 |
2006* |
2008** |
2000 to 2006 |
|
Population
(millions) |
61.86 |
75.55 |
86.97 |
116.03 |
140..43 |
149.65 |
3.18 |
|
Population
density (inhabitants/km˛) |
67 |
82 |
94 |
125 |
152 |
162 |
|
|
Urban Population
as % of total |
|
|
37 |
40 |
45 |
47 |
|
|
Area (1000 km˛) |
923.77, |
923.77 |
923.77 |
923.77 |
923.77 |
923.77 |
|
* Latest available data from national census
**Extrapolated data from 2006
Source: National Population
Commission, Abuja
1.1.4.
Economic Data
TABLE 2. GROSS DOMESTIC
PRODUCT (GDP)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Average
annual growth rate (%) |
|
1970 |
1980 |
1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
2007** |
2000 to
2007 |
|
GDP
(millions of current US$) |
7,392 |
32,450 |
44,160 |
75,910 |
98,830 |
144,062 |
9.15 |
|
GDP
(millions of constant 2000 US$) |
18,181 |
59,127 |
59,609 |
75,910 |
85,063 |
116,774 |
|
|
GDP per capita (PPP* US$/capita) |
182 |
1248 |
1750 |
2333 |
2935 |
3383 |
|
|
GDP
per capita (current US$/capita) |
119 |
671 |
718 |
994 |
1,159 |
1626 |
|
* PPP: Purchasing Power Parity
** Latest available data
Sources: Nigerian Federal Bureau of Statistics, Abuja; and
http://www.economywatch.com/economic-statistics/Nigeria/GDP_Per_Capita_PPP_US_Dollars
TABLE 3. ESTIMATED
AVAILABLE ENERGY SOURCES
|
|
Estimated
available energy sources |
|
|
Fossil Fuels |
Nuclear |
Renewables |
|
|
Solid** |
Liquid+ |
Gas |
Uranium |
Hydro |
Other
Renewable*** |
|
Total amount in
specific units* |
2,734 |
10.687 |
5,292 |
N/A |
18.75 |
|
|
Total amount in
Exajoule (EJ) |
3,838 |
384 |
197 |
N/A |
5.32 |
|
·
Solid: Billion tons; Liquids:
Billion m3; Gas: Billion m3; Uranium: Metric tons; Hydro,
Renewable: GW
** Coal and Lignite; does not include Fuel
Wood which covers 11 million hectares of forest and woodland
+
Taken from APPA Bulletin (2008); Liquids includes 4.93 billion m3 of oil
equivalent of tar sands.
***Wind:
(2-4)
m/s at 10m height; Solar Radiation: 3.5 - 7.0 kWh/m2/day
(485.1million MWh/day using 0.1% land area)
Sources: Federal
Ministry of Mines and Steel Development; Nigerian National Petroleum
Corporation; and Energy Commission of Nigeria.
TABLE 4. ENERGY
STATISTICS
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Average annual
growth rate (%) |
|
|
1970 |
1980 |
1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
2006 |
2000 to
2006* |
|
Energy
consumption** |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Total
|
15,948 |
85,328 |
126,967 |
102,360 |
157,511 |
111,582 |
|
|
- Solids Coal*** |
199 |
341 |
242 |
29 |
22 |
22 |
|
|
- Solids
Fuel Wood*** |
6.87 |
20.20 |
59.35 |
174.38 |
298.91 |
332.93 |
|
|
- Liquids |
14,793 |
81,247 |
119,859 |
84,887 |
140,932 |
99,762 |
|
|
- Gases (Natural) |
21.09 |
481.97 |
1856.23 |
10828.2 |
3188.30 |
873.78 |
|
|
- Nuclear |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
|
|
- Hydro |
928.1 |
3237.8 |
4950.0 |
6441.6 |
13070.2 |
10590.9 |
|
|
- Other
Renewables |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
|
|
Energy
production |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Total
|
84,063 |
32,299 |
145,746 |
153,708 |
254,873 |
278,907 |
|
|
- Solids*** |
83,135 |
29,061 |
140,796 |
147,266 |
241,803 |
268,316 |
|
|
- Liquids |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Gases |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Nuclear |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
|
|
- Hydro (GWh) |
928.1 |
3237.8 |
4950.0 |
6441.6 |
13070.2 |
10590.9 |
|
|
- Other
Renewables |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
|
|
Net import
(Import - Export) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Total
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* Latest available data ** Energy consumption =
Primary energy consumption + Net import (Import - Export) of secondary
energy.
*** Solid fuels include
coal, lignite and fuel wood
Source: Energy Commission
of Nigeria, Abuja.
In 1999, the Federal Government took
a bold decision to get the national economy to be private sector driven. The
strong nexus between energy and socio-economic development made the Federal
Government approve, in 2003, an overall National Energy Policy
(NEP) for the nation. The NEP, as envisaged, is hinged on a private sector
driven energy sector in line with the national economic policy.=
The major objectives of
the National Energy Policy include:
i. To
ensure the development of the nation’s energy resources, with diversified
energy resources option, for the achievement of national energy security and
an efficient energy delivery system with an optimal energy resources mix.
ii.
To guarantee increased contribution of energy productive activities
and to national income.
iii. To
guarantee adequate, reliable and sustainable supply of energy at appropriate
costs and in an environmentally friendly manner, to the various sectors of
the economy, for national development.
iv.
To guarantee an efficient and cost effective consumption pattern of
energy resources.
v. To
accelerate the process of acquisition and diffusion of technology and
managerial expertise in the energy sector and indigenous participation in
energy sector industries, for stability and self-reliance.
vi.
To promote increased investments and development of the energy sector
industries with substantial private sector participation.
vii.
To ensure a comprehensive, integrated and well informed energy sector
plans and programmes for effective development.
viii.
To foster international co-operation in energy trade and projects
development in both the African region and the world at large.
ix.
To successfully use the nation’s abundant energy resources to promote
international co-operation.
The major power utility in the
country, the National Electric Power Authority (NEPA), now known as the
Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) is owned by the Federal Government.
Until recently, it has been the main electric power monopoly for the
generation, transmission and distribution of centralized grid power. In
order to engender greater efficiency and sustainability in the system, a
process of reforms has been started to remove government’s monopoly on
generation, transmission and distribution. Thus, in 2005, the Electric Power
Sector Reform Act (EPSRA) was enacted. The law is aimed at liberalizing the
power sector. A component of the power reform law, was the creation of the
Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC), which is mandated to
regulate the electricity sector based on free market economic principles and
thereby create a level playing field for all interested stakeholders to
participate in the sub-sector.
As a consequence of the reform
process, the generation and distribution areas of the electricity market are
being deregulated. The PHCN is being unbundled into six separate generation
companies and eleven distribution companies for the various parts of the
country. These would be individually licensed, while only the transmission
area would remain under government control in the Transmission Company of
Nigeria (TCN).
In light of the current pathetic
power situation in the country, and in spite of the current liberalization
process, the Federal Government is still increasing investments in the
sector to increase the generation capacity to 10,000MW by 2011 and to
20,000MW by 2015 through the National Integrated Power Projects being
implemented across the country. Most of the additional capacity would be
thermal (Gas) plants with renewable such as solar, biomass and wind
contributing a minimal amount. Nuclear power has been factored into the
energy mix, and it is expected that the first nuclear power plant of 1,000MW
capacity is expected to be commissioned not later than 2020.
The electric power sector is
currently dominated by a government company, namely, the Power Holding
Company of Nigeria (PHCN). It currently owns all the power generation
stations, the transmission network and the distribution system. It has an
installed capacity of 6000MWe through a number of hydro (Kainji,
Jebba, Shiroro), and thermal
stations (Egbin, Ughelli, Afam, Sapele).
The Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) Generation and Transmission
System and its geographical distribution is graphically depicted in Figure
2. The transmission voltage levels are 330KV for the grid transmission;
132KV for the sub-transmission lines, whilst the 33kV, 11KV and lower
voltages constitute the distribution networks. The System normal frequency
is 50Hz.
With the expected full
implementation of the Electric Power Sector Reform Act of 2005, and the
unbundling of the PHCN into the proposed generation and distribution
companies under a functional regulatory regime, the electricity market will
be liberalized. However, a large number of manufacturing companies
currently generate their own power, which further leads to increased cost of
production.
Figure
2: The Electric Power System in Nigeria
Source: PHCN, Abuja.
TABLE 5. ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION, CONSUMPTION
AND CAPACITY
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Average annual
growth rate (%) |
|
|
1970 |
1980 |
1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
2007** |
2000 to 2007 |
|
Capacity of
electrical plants (GWe) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Thermal
|
|
|
4.094 |
3.91981 |
4.718 |
6.163 |
6.37% |
|
- Hydro
|
|
|
1.9384 |
1.73787 |
1.9384 |
1.9384 |
|
|
- Nuclear |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
|
|
- Wind |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
|
|
- Geothermal |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
|
|
- other
renewable |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
|
|
- Total |
|
|
6.03246 |
5.88788 |
6.6564 |
8.1014 |
|
|
Electricity
production (TW.h) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Thermal |
0.23 |
3.283 |
8.512 |
8.217 |
19.506 |
15.711 |
|
|
- Hydro |
0.928 |
3.237 |
4.950 |
6.441 |
13.070 |
10.527 |
|
|
- Nuclear |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
|
|
- Wind |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
|
|
- Geothermal |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
|
|
- other
renewable |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
|
|
- Total
(1) |
1.547 |
7.140 |
13.462 |
14.659 |
32.576 |
26.238 |
|
|
Total
Electricity consumption (TW.h) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(1) Electricity
transmission losses are not deducted.
* Latest available data ** Includes some NIPP
plants which are yet to be fully commissioned.
Source: Energy
Commission of Nigeria, Abuja.
TABLE 6. ENERGY RELATED RATIOS
|
|
1970 |
1980 |
1990 |
2000 |
2005 |
2007 |
|
Energy
consumption per capita (GJ/capita) |
13.90 |
26.32 |
32.94 |
26.56 |
52.59 |
24.78 |
|
Electricity
consumption per capita (kW.h/capita) |
38.62 |
73.11 |
91.50 |
73.79 |
146.4 |
68.83 |
|
Electricity
production/Energy production (%) |
----- |
----- |
---- |
---- |
---- |
---- |
|
Nuclear/Total
electricity (%) |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
|
Ratio of external
dependency (%) (1) |
----- |
----- |
---- |
---- |
---- |
---- |
(1) Net import / Total
energy consumption.
* Latest available data
Source:
2. NUCLEAR POWER SITUATION
Nigeria has
for decades, been involved in many peaceful applications of nuclear science
and technology. However, the Federal Government’s effort to improve the
energy generation in the country necessitated the inauguration of an
Inter-Ministerial Committee on Energy Resources in 2004. In the report of
the committee, nuclear power was recommended as a major potential source for
consideration in the country. Consequently, in June 2005, another
Inter-Ministerial Committee was inaugurated to evaluate the feasibility of
launching a national programme to deploy nuclear energy for electricity
generation in the country. The committee’s report was favourable.
Based on
these studies and in keeping with the provisions in the national energy
policy to deploy nuclear energy for electricity generation, the Nigeria
Atomic Energy Commission (NAEC) was activated by Act 46 of July 1976. As
provided for in the Act, NAEC is mandated, as the focal national agency, to
develop the framework and technical pathway to explore, exploit and harness
atomic energy for peaceful applications in all its ramifications for the
socioeconomic development of Nigeria in conformity with the policies of the
Federal Government.
In
compliance with the Presidential directive at the inauguration of the Board
of NAEC, to develop the national roadmap which would lead to the deployment
of nuclear power plants for generation of electricity in the country in ten
to twelve years, a national nuclear power road map with detailed ways and
means of achieving the national objective was developed. The nuclear power
roadmap was approved and adopted by the Federal Executive Council in
February, 2007.
Based on
the NAEC Act, and the Federal Government’s decision as contained in Council
decisions EC38(06)12, and EC5(07)9, and Presidential directive (PRES/101) of
February 27, 2007, the Nigeria Atomic Energy Commission is empowered and
designated as the national agency vested with the responsibility for the
implementation of the national nuclear power programme. In this regard, NAEC
is the focal agency for liaison and partnership with the IAEA and other
development partners for the programme planning and implementation.
Chronologically, the
various activities leading to the activation of the nuclear power programme
can be listed as follows:
¨
The Nigeria
Atomic Energy Commission (NAEC) was created by Act No.46 of 1976; but did
not become operational; not activated!
¨
As part of
the national manpower training and capacity building effort, two
university-based nuclear energy centres were established in 1978 in Ile-Ife
and Zaria. A third centre was established in 1991 at the Sheda Science and
Technology Complex, Abuja
¨ The
Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN); created by Decree 62 of 1979, is
mandated to enunciate the national energy policy, taking into consideration
the national energy needs, the available resources and how best to exploit
them on a long-term basis to meet the national needs.
¨ The
Nigerian Nuclear Regulatory Authority (NNRA) created by Act 19 of 1995, and
mandated to regulate all nuclear activities in the country, including the
enforcement of all nuclear laws and regulations was activated and became
operational in January, 2001.
¨ The
low level of electricity generation necessitated the inauguration of an
Inter-Ministerial Committee on Energy Resources in 2004. Nuclear was
identified as a major potential source for consideration in Nigeria
¨ Inter-Ministerial
Committee on NPP was inaugurated and a Technical Committee on NPP mandated
to evaluate the feasibility of deploying NPP in June 2005.
¨
NAEC was
activated in April 2006; and 10-member Governing Board headed by Mr.
President inaugurated in July 2006
¨ National
Nuclear Power Roadmap and Strategy for its implementation were approved and
adopted by the Federal Government for implementation in February, 2007.
The national management framework for the implementation of
the nuclear power programme is depicted in Figure 3. As shown in the figure,
the Minister of Science and Technology has direct responsibility for the
development and implementation of the programme. The Energy Commission of
Nigeria (ECN) develops and enunciates the national energy policy, taking
into consideration the national energy needs, available energy resources and
prescribes a suitable exploitation and utilization strategy. The focal
agency for the formulation, design and implementation of the NPP is the
Nigeria Atomic Energy Commission (NAEC). The Nigerian Nuclear Regulatory
Authority is vested with the responsibility to ensure nuclear and
radiological safety and security in the country and is mandated to license
and regulate the operations of the nuclear power plants. The Nigeria
Atomic Energy Commission, the Nigerian Nuclear Regulatory Authority and the
Energy Commission of Nigeria operate within the aegis of the Federal
Ministry of Science and Technology.
Figure 3: National Nuclear Power
Management Framework
In order to achieve the objective
of the Federal Government’s decision on the National Nuclear Power Programme
in conformity with the prevailing law, the Nigeria Atomic Energy Commission
(NAEC) is designated as the focal national agency for the implementation of
the programme (NEPIO). However, notwithstanding this designation, the
sustainable and successful implementation of the programme entails full
participation of several other national stakeholder institutions. These
agencies and institutions constitute the Nuclear Energy Programme
Implementation Committee (NEPIC) under the Chairmanship of the Honourable
Minister of Science and Technology. Each of these institutions performs
specific roles in conformity with their designated mandates. Nevertheless,
NAEC plays the central role of coordinating the inputs from each of these
organizations to ensure synergy. The specific roles of agencies which
constitute the NEPIC are as shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4:
Stakeholder Agencies which constitute the Nuclear Power Implementation
Committee (NEPIC)
NOT APPLICABLE
TABLE 7: STATUS AND PERFORMANCE OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
NOT APPLICABLE
|
Station |
Type |
Net Capacity |
Operator |
Status |
Reactor Supplier |
Construction Date+ |
Grid
Date ++ |
Commercial Date |
Shutdown Date |
UCF
for year ** |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NOT APPLICABLE
The
Nigeria government has shown firm commitment to introduce nuclear power into
its energy mix. As
part of the government’s programme to deploy nuclear power plants for
electricity generation in the country, the Nigeria Atomic Energy Commission
was activated in April 2006, and a 10-member Governing Board headed by Mr.
President was inaugurated in July 2006.
Thereafter, a National
Nuclear Power Roadmap and Strategy for its implementation were approved and
adopted by the Federal Government for implementation in February, 2007. The
nuclear roadmap which is encapsulated in a Technical Framework for NPP
Deployment consists of three phases, namely:
i.
Manpower
Training, Capacity Building and Infrastructure Development;
ii.
Design
Certification; Siting; Regulatory and Licensing Approvals; and
iii.
Construction and Start-up.
The strategic plan for
the implementation of the programme is aimed at enabling Nigeria to:
i
Generate
electricity from NPP in twelve years; and
ii
Develop the
local capacity to internalize nuclear power as a major source of electricity
for the long-term energy security of the country.
In this regards, the
strategy has the following targets:
§
Supply of
electricity from a nuclear power plant into the national grid by 2020 and
building the nuclear capacity up to 4,000 MWe by 2030;
§
Develop the
requisite indigenous manpower and capacity to ensure the continuous
availability of human capital and infrastructure base for the operation and
maintenance of the nuclear power plants;
§
Laying a
solid foundation for the localisation of nuclear technology; and
§
Catalyzing
the strengthening and expansion of the integrity and capacity of the
national electricity grid to cope with the introduction of NPPs.
The Strategic Plan, as shown in Figure 5, is broken into three parts.
The first is the short-term which deals with the immediate activities of
putting the project management structures to effectively launch and
implement the programme. The medium-term strategy entails all the activities
that will lead to the construction and operation of the first NPP through a
Turnkey contractual arrangement, while the long-term phase of the strategy
addresses the issues of expanding the NPP programme to build multiple units,
spent fuel and waste management.
TABLE 8. PLANNED NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
|
Station/Project Name
|
Type |
Capacity |
Expected
Construction Start Year |
Expected Commercial
Year |
|
First nuclear power
plant |
Under review |
1,000MWe |
2014 |
2020 |
|
Second train(3
Plants) |
Under review |
3,000MWe |
2018 |
2030 |
2.3.2. Project
management
The Nigeria Atomic
Energy Commission, which operates under the aegis of the Federal Ministry of
Science and Technology, is vested with the primary responsibility for the
planning and implementation of the country’s nuclear power programme. It
will be primarily responsible for the management and implementation of the
NPP project, which is expected to be delivered on a turnkey basis after
competitive bidding for the first set of power plants. The structure of the
Commission which is a technical organization is shown in figure 6.
Figure
5a: Short Term Component of the National Strategic Plan
Figure 5b: Medium Term Component
of the National Strategic Plan
Figure 5c: LongTerm Component of
the National Strategic Plan
Figure 6: Organogram of the
Nigeria Atomic Energy Commission
Currently, the funding of the manpower
training and infrastructure development component of the programme is being
funded by the Federal Government. It is also expected that the Federal
Government will be directly involved in the financing of the construction of
the power plants, either through national resources or loan guarantees. The
first project will be implemented on a turnkey basis and the actual model of
financing is yet to be decided.
As part of the current power sector reforms by the
government, it is envisaged that there would be massive upgrade and redesign
of the transmission network to cope with additional capacity needed to meet
the projected increase in demand for electricity up to the year 2030. Going
by the current plans and programmes, the capacity of the transmission
network would be strong and stable enough to absorb 10,000MWe by the end of
2010, and would increase to 16,000MWe in 2012. Given the state of commitment
of government, it is expected that at the time nuclear power plants will
become operational, the grid will be strong and stable enough to absorb the
injection of electricity from the nuclear plants. This is already an
important component of the NPP development strategy.
Following
site survey and site evaluation exercises embarked upon by the Commission,
four sites have been designated for further detailed characterization and
recommendation to government. The sites are located in the areas around:
i.
Geregu/Ajaokuta Local Government Area of Kogi State in the North
Central Zone of the country.
ii.
Itu Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State in the South-South Zone.
iii.
Agbaje, Okitipupa Local Government Area of Ondo State in the South
West Zone.
iv.
Lau Local Government Area of Taraba State in the North-East Zone.
In the
preliminary site survey and evaluation project, a number of technical,
environmental, security, social and economic issues were investigated as
shown in the chart of activities in Figure 7. All the sites currently being
considered would be able to accommodate more than one nuclear power plant.
Figure 7:
Structure of the NPP Preliminary Site Survey and Evaluation Project
NAEC is
responsible for the implementation of the nuclear power projects. It is still
in the process of selecting appropriate nuclear power plant site(s), reactor
technology and likely vendors.
The operating
organization will be decided later.
2.6. Organizations involved in decommissioning of NPPs
The
decommissioning organization will be decided later.
It is not envisaged that the
Nigerian nuclear power programme would develop indigenous fuel cycle
technologies and related facilities in the near future. The fuel supply for the
nuclear power plants will be a part of the supply contracts.
In order to promote the safe management of radioactive sources in the country, a
National Policy and Regulations on Radioactive Waste Management is being
developed. A comprehensive Spent Fuel Policy, Regulation and Guidance document
is being prepared by a technical committee. Furthermore, a centralized facility
for the management of low and intermediate radioactive wastes is currently being
developed to deepen the culture of nuclear wastes safety. These programmes are
being developed in collaboration with the IAEA.
The capacity
building and infrastructure development components of the national programme are
based in the three nuclear research centers, namely:
i Center for Energy Research and Training (CERT), Ahmadu Bello University,
Zaria, Kaduna State;
ii Center for Energy Research and Development (CERD), Obafemi Awolowo
University, Ile-Ife, Osun State;
iii Nuclear
Technology Centre (NTC), Sheda Science and Technology Complex, Abuja, FCT.
NOT APPLICABLE
Nigeria has
benefited, in the area of nuclear power development, from the Technical
Cooperation assistance of the IAEA through the following programmes:
i
Energy Planning Studies Using Appropriate Analytical Tools;
ii
Feasibility Study for NPP development;
iii
Development of Legislative Framework for NPP Implementation;
iv
Development of Regulatory Framework and Infrastructure;
v
Developing Capacities in Pre-Project Activities for Nuclear Power
Projects; and
vi
Development of a Comprehensive National Radioactive Waste Management
System and Disposal Facility, among others.
The
Government of Nigeria, is also exploring avenues for further international
cooperation for the implementation of the nuclear power programs. These will
entail bilateral as well as multilateral cooperation agreements. Furthermore,
Nigeria has decided to sign up as a partner with GNEP initiative, and at the
appropriate time, will also fully participate in the INPRO project. Nigeria has
also signed a cooperation agreement on nuclear power development with the
Russian Federation. Some other agreements are also being considered.
The education
and training programme for the implementation of nuclear power entails the
deployment of a multi-pronged training strategy which will include formal
education in universities and polytechnics; on-the-job training;
facility-specific-training provided by reactor vendor organizations; direct
participation during project implementation and partnerships with experienced
power utility organizations for initial operation of power plants, among others.
In order to
achieve these set objectives, the following steps will be taken:
i.
The initial phase of the national training programme to support the
introduction of nuclear power entails the following:
¨
Strengthening
and positioning local institutions for training of nuclear engineers, scientists
and technicians. NAEC has entered into MOUs with several national universities
and polytechnics for the purpose of producing the requisite manpower that will
implement the programme in a sustainable manner.
¨
Cooperation
and partnership with off-shore institutions to train graduate nuclear scientists
and engineers as potential faculty for the implementation of the training
programmes in the local institutions.
ii.
Development of physical facilities such as laboratories, workshops and IT
facilities, for the implementation of the training programmes in the designated
institutions.
iii.
Provision of centralized relevant research facilities and infrastructure
at the three national nuclear energy research centres for training and capacity
building
iv.
Further avenues for human resource development would be provided through
institutional linkages and bilateral cooperation for the training of suitably
qualified and experienced personnel in the various technical and allied fields
in the sector to stimulate and enhance indigenous participation in the nuclear
power industry.
There is
sustained communication with the national stakeholder institutions in the
nuclear energy programme as depicted in the roles being played by various
organizations in the National Nuclear Energy Programme Implementation Committee
(NEPIC) as shown in Figure 4 in section 2.1.2. Furthermore, NAEC is working with
the Federal Ministry of Information and media organizations to develop
appropriate ways and means of communicating effectively with the public and
prepare their minds to be more receptive to the introduction of nuclear power in
the country.
3. NATIONAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS
The Nigeria
Nuclear Regulatory Authority (NNRA) was created by the
Nuclear Safety and
Radiation Protection Act 19 of 1995 (Act 19 of 1995) and
became operational in 2001. It is mandated to regulate all nuclear activities in
the country, including the enforcement of all nuclear laws and regulations. It
is also empowered to enforce all ratified and/or domesticated nuclear related
international laws and treaties. NNRA is also responsible for radiation
protection and nuclear safety. Its organogram and structure are depicted in
Figure 8.
3.1.2. Licensing Process
Currently,
procedures for the licensing of nuclear power facilities are being developed by
the NNRA. A draft regulation for NPP site licensing has been developed and being
reviewed.
Figure 8: Organogram of
the Nigerian Nuclear Regulatory Authority
3.2. Main national laws and regulations in nuclear power
Currently,
the requisite operational laws in nuclear power development include:
i.
The
Nigeria Atomic Energy Commission Law (Act 46 of 1976) was enacted some 33 years
ago. It is currently being amended to make it comprehensive and more wholesome,
so as to position it to cover all aspects of nuclear power plants development,
operation and decommissioning. Major elements which are being addressed in the
law include nuclear security, radioactive materials and radiation, nuclear
liability, radioactive waste, spent fuel and decommissioning, environmental
protection, emergency notification of nuclear incidents, foreign investment, and
safety of nuclear installations, among others.
ii.
Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection Act 19 of 1995 establishing the
Nigerian Nuclear Regulatory Authority (NNRA). This law is also being amended for
comprehensive coverage of Nuclear Power.
iii.
National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency Act
25 of 2007.
On safety and security of radioactive sources, Nigeria has
endorsed the IAEA Code of Conduct on the Safety and Security of Radioactive
Sources and the associated Guidance on the import and export of radioactive
sources. Nigeria has since 2006 promulgated the following regulations:
i The Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources Regulations.
ii The Transportation of Radioactive Sources Regulations.
iii Nigerian Radioactive Waste Management Regulations.
iv Draft Regulations/Guidelines for Licensing of Sites for Nuclear Power Plants.
v A
National Nuclear or Radiological Emergency Response Plan (NNRERP) has
been developed consistent with the requirements of the IAEA Safety Standard
Series No. GS-R-2 and the International Safety Standards for the Protection
Against Ionizing Radiation and for the Safety of Radiation Sources (BSS 115) and
in accordance with the IAEA EPR-Method 2003. The NNRERP is being integrated into
the National Disaster Response Plan (NDRRP) of the National Emergency Management
Agency (NEMA).
vi Nigerian Radiation Safety in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology
Regulations,
vii Nigerian Radiation Safety in Radiotherapy Regulations,
viii Nigerian Radiation Safety in Nuclear Medicine Regulations.
References:
Appendix 1:
International, Multilateral and Bilateral
Agreements
Nigeria has ratified the
following international treaties:
-
Treaty on
non-proliferation of nuclear weapons (In force)
-
Convention
on early notification of a nuclear accident (In force)
-
The Treaty
of Pelindaba on the African Nuclear-Weapon-Free zone (Not in force)
-
African
Regional Co-operative Agreement for research, Development and Training related
to nuclear science and technology (AFRA) (Third Convention) (In force)
-
Comprehensive safeguards agreement in connection with the treaty on
non-proliferation of nuclear weapons (In force)
-
Convention
on assistance in the case of a nuclear accident or radiological emergency (In
force)
-
Additional
protocol to the NPT (In force)
-
Convention
on nuclear safety (In force)
-
Convention
on physical protection of nuclear material (as amended in 2005) (In force)
-
Joint
convention on safety of spent fuel management and on the safety of radioactive
waste management (In force)
-
Vienna
convention on civil liability for nuclear damage (In force)
-
Joint
protocol relating to the application of the Vienna Convention and the Paris
Convention (In force; yet to accede)
-
Agreement
on the privileges and immunities of the IAEA (In force); and
-
Agreement
with the Russian Federation on Cooperation in the Development of Nuclear Energy
for Peaceful Uses.
main organizations, institutions
and companies involved in nuclear power related activities
|
Acronym |
Name of Organization |
Address or website |
|
NAEC |
Nigeria Atomic Energy Commission |
www.nigatom.org.ng |
|
NNRA |
Nigerian Nuclear Regulatory Authority |
www.nnra.gov.ng |
|
CERT |
Centre for Energy Research and Training |
|
|
CERD |
Centre for Energy Research and Development |
|
|
NTC |
Nuclear Technology Centre |
www.nigatom.org.ng |
|
NERC |
Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission |
www.nercng.gov |
|
ECN |
Energy Commission of Nigeria |
www.energy.gov.ng |
|
NEPIC |
Nuclear Energy Programme Implementing Committee |
www.nigatom.org.ng |
|
NESREA |
National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency |
www.nesrea.org |
|
PHCN |
Power Holding Company of Nigeria |
www.phcnonline.com |
|
TCN |
Transmission of Company of Nigeria |
www.tcnng.org |
Name of report coordinator; Institution and Contacts
Dr. F. Erepamo
Osaisai
Nigeria Atomic
Energy Commission
9, Kwame Nkrumah
Crescent, Asokoro,
P.M.B. 646,
Garki, Abuja, NIGERIA
Tel: +234 9
6711485
Fax: +234 9
3146515
Email:
dgnaec@nigatom.org.ng
Website:
www.nigatom.org.ng