TURKEY

1. ENERGY, ECONOMIC AND ELECTRICITY INFORMATION

1.1 General Overview

As of its geographical situation Turkey connects Europe to Asia. Turkey is an important candidate to be the "Energy Corridor", for the transmission of the Central Asian Countries rich oil and natural gas resources to the Western Markets. Turkey has borders with Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq and Syria. Turkey's total area is 779 452 km2, about 97% of which is situated in Asia and 3% in Europe. Four seas, the Marmara, the Aegean, the Mediterranean and the Black Sea surround Turkey.

Turkey's strategic location makes it a natural "energy bridge" between major oil producing areas in the Middle East and Caspian Sea regions on the one hand, and consumer markets in Europe on the other. Turkey's port of Ceyhan is an important outlet both for current Iraqi oil exports as well as for potential future Caspian oil exports. Turkey's Bosphorus Straits are a major shipping "choke point" between the Black and Mediterranean Seas.

Except for the eastern part of the Black Sea coastlands, most of Turkey has a very sunny climate even in winter. Average daily sunshine amounts range from three to four hours in midwinter to as much as twelve to thirteen hours in summer. The Black Sea coast has some rain all the year round. Although summer temperatures are rather high, the heat is tempered by the low humidity inland and the sea breezes along the coast. Occasionally the nights may be sticky and humid on the Aegean and Mediterranean coasts.

In 2002, the population was almost 70 million and the population density reached 89 inhabitants per km2 (see Table 1). The annual population growth rate from 2001 to 2002 was about 1.5 %.

TABLE 1. POPULATION INFORMATION

Source: IAEA Energy and Economic Database, Data & Statistics/The World Bank, *National data

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2002 was 184,648 millions US$ (Table 2) and the GDP growth increased 8.1% from first quarter of 2002 to first quarter of 2003. Agriculture accounts for some 16 percent of GDP, industry for 24 percent, and services for 60 percent.

TABLE 2. GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)

Source: IAEA Energy and Economic Database. * http://ekutup.dpt.gov.tr/eg/, (2002 GDP value was calculated as GDP at current TL producers' prices divided by annual average exchange rate of TL)

The five main energy reserves are given in Table 3 and Table 4. The energy consumption per capita in 2002 was 47.08 GJ/capita.

TABLE 3. ESTIMATED ENERGY RESERVES

Source: IAEA Energy and Economic Database.

TABLE 4. PRIMARY ENERGY RESOURCES AND RESERVES

Source: Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources.

Energy demand, production, import and export amounts of Turkey are given in Table 5. Energy demand increased from 69.86 Mtoe in 1996 to 78.40 Mtoe in 2002. Between 2000 and 2001, energy demand decreased approximately 5% due to economical conditions of the country.

TABLE 5. PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION

Mtoe

Source: Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources.

The sectoral energy consumption in 2002 is given in Table 6 and some statistical data between 1960-2002 are given in Table 7.

TABLE 6. TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION BY SECTOR IN 2002